tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86412621507323786392024-03-13T11:40:59.539-07:00LATEST TECHNOLOGYUpdate Of every new and old technology in minutesAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-39897785650819702092013-06-06T23:59:00.003-07:002013-06-06T23:59:58.890-07:00The first airplane<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The first airplane that was flown was a glider. A glider is a non-motorized flying machine (and very hard to control.) Early gliders were launched from high places like cliffs and floated on the wind to the ground.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">A man named Sir George Cayel made the first glider that actually flew. His first glider didn't have passengers or a pilot. It was too small and could not fit anyone in it. He made another that flew his coachman across a small valley. This glider was not launched from a cliff.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">During 1890 while Orville and Wilbur Wright were working in a bicycle shop, the Wright Brothers got interested in flying. They learned that bicycles that were closer to the ground were faster. They read all the books they could find about airplanes to learn more. They then began building gliders near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Wright Brothers improved the glider. In 1899 they made a large, two wing kite. After experimenting for a while on unmanned gliders, they made a glider where the pilot would control the airplane in the air. After working on glider experiments they found out how to steer a plane while in flight by developing a rudder (the tail of the plane) and flaps on the wings. With the rudder and the flaps, the pilot could control the direction of the airplane and the height.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In December of 1903, the Wright Brothers became the first people to successfully fly a plane with a person in it. The plane flew one hundred twenty feet and flew only about twelve seconds. They had three successful flights that day, but Wilbur made the longest flight of 892 feet and stayed up for about 59 seconds. In 1903 the Wright Brothers made their first powered airplane that they named the "flyer." It was a biplane (two winged plane) that had a 12 horse power engine that they had built themselves. The wings were 40 feet wide, wooden, and covered with cotton cloth. The pilot would lay on the lower wing on his stomach and steer the plane. In 1908 the Wright Brothers finally made a plane that could fly for more that one and a half hours.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>Improvements to Airplanes</b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In 1843 William S. Henson, an inventor, patented plans for an airplane after trying to build a model airplane. When those plans failed he gave up on airplanes. His friend, John Stingfellow, tried making a model off of Henson's model and succeeded. The plane launched, but could only stay in the air for a short time.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In 1890 Cl`ement Ader took off on the first steam powered plane (a plane with an engine, unlike the glider) that he had built himself. What was very unlucky about that was he could not fly it because he could not control it. Around the same time another inventor, Hiram Maxiam, built a steam powered flying machine. He tested his airplanes, but never really got them off the ground because they were too heavy and he could not control the flight.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">During 1894 Samuel Langley flew a steam powered plane and went 0.8 kilometers in one and a half minutes. Once Langley made another airplane, he got a pilot to steer once on October, 7 and once on December, 8, but sadly the plane crashed in a lake.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">U.S Army Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge was the first person killed in a plane crash. The military wanted to see how good the Wright Brothers` airplane was for flying. On September 17, 1908, Selfridge went up in a plane with Orville Wright. When they were 75 feet in the air a propeller broke. The plane crashed, which killed Thomas and left Orville injured, but the Wright Brothers still did not give up. In 1909, they got a contract from the military to build the first military plane.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In 1911, Calbriath Rodgers made the first flight across the United States. He flew from Sheepshead Bay, New York to Long Beach, California. During the 84 days of flying, Rodgers crashed at least 70 times. He had to replace almost every part of the plane before he reached Long Beach. All together this journey took 3 days, 10 hours, and 24 minutes of time spent in the air.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Airplane travel has improved a great deal since the first efforts of the Wright Brothers. Airplanes now travel thousands of miles at altitudes of more than 7 miles, carrying over three hundred passengers. Those passengers rest in comfortable seats instead of on their stomachs like Orville did. Jet engines have replaced propellers and speeds are greater than 600 miles per hour. Not even the Wright brothers could have imagined what air travel would be like today.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-49773504151491610882013-05-30T05:09:00.000-07:002013-05-30T05:09:16.509-07:00Virus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Viruses have existed as long as life has been on earth. </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Early references to viruses<br /><br />Early references to viral infections include Homer’s mention of “rabid dogs”. Rabies is caused by a virus affecting dogs. This was also known in Mesopotamia. <br /><br />Polio is also caused by a virus. It leads to paralysis of the lower limbs. Polio may also be witnessed in drawings from ancient Egypt. <br /><br /> In addition, small pox caused by a virus that is now eradicated from the world also has a significant role in history of S. and Central America.<br />Virology – the study of viruses<br /><br />The study of viruses is called virology. Experiments on virology began with the experiments of Jenner in 1798. Jenner did not know the cause but found that that individuals exposed to cow pox did not suffer from small pox. <br /><br /> He began the first known form of vaccination with cow pox infection that prevented small pox infection in individuals. He had not yet found the causative organism or the cause of the immunity as yet for either cow pox or small pox.<br />Koch and Henle<br /><br />Koch and Henle founded their postulates on microbiology of disease. This included that:<br />the organism must regularly be found in the lesions of the disease<br />it must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture <br />inoculation of such a pure organism into a host should initiate the disease and should be recovered from the secondarily infected organism as well<br /><br />Viruses do not confer to all of these postulates.<br />Louis Pasteur<br /><br />In 1881-1885 Louis Pasteur first used animals as model for growing and studying viruses. He found that the rabies virus could be cultured in rabbit brains and discovered the rabies vaccine. However, Pasteur did not try to identify the infectious agent.<br />The discovery of viruses<br /><br />1886-1903 – This period was the discovery period where the viruses were actually found. Ivanowski observed/looked for bacteria like substance and in 1898, Beijerink demonstrated filterable characteristic of the virus and found that the virus is an obligate parasite. This means that the virus is unable to live on its own. <br />Charles Chamberland and filterable agents <br /><br />In 1884, the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invented a filter with pores smaller than bacteria. Chamberland filter-candles of unglazed porcelain or made of diatomaceous earth (clay)-kieselguhr had been invented for water purification. These filters retained bacterium, and had a pore size of 0.1-0.5 micron. Viruses were filtered through these and called “filterable” organisms. Loeffler and Frosch (1898) reported that the infectious agent of foot and mouth diseases virus was a filterable agent.<br /><br /> In 1900 first human disease shown to be caused by a filterable agent was Yellow Fever by Walter Reed. He found the yellow fever virus present in blood of patients during the fever phase. He also found that the virus spread via mosquitoes. In 1853 there was an epidemic in New Orleans and the rate of mortality from this infection was as high as 28%. Infectivity was controlled by destroying mosquito populations<br />Trapping viruses<br /><br />In the 1930's Elford developed collodion membranes that could trap the viruses and found that viruses had a size of 1 nano meter. In 1908, Ellerman and Bang demonstrated that certain types of tumors (leukemia of chicken) were caused by viruses. In 1911 Peyton Rous discovered that non-cellular agents like viruses could spread solid tumors. This was termed Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV).<br />Bacteriophages<br /><br />The most important discovery was that of the Bacteriophage era. In 1915 Twort was working with vaccinia virus and found that the viruses grew in cultures of bacteria. He called then bacteriophage. Twort abandoned this work after World War I. In 1917, D'Herelle, a Canadian, also found similar bacteriophages.<br />Images of viruses<br /><br />In 1931 the German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll found electron microscopy that enabled the first images of viruses. In 1935, American biochemist and virologist Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it to be mostly made from protein. A short time later, this virus was separated into protein and RNA parts. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first one to be crystallised and whose structure could therefore be elucidated in detail.<br />Molecular biology<br /><br />Between 1938 and 1970 virology developed by leaps and bounds into Molecular biology. The 1940's and 1950's was the era of the Bacteriophage and the animal virus. <br /><br /> Delbruck considered father of modern molecular biology. He developed the concepts of virology in the science. In 1952 Hershey and Chase showed that it was the nucleic acid portion that was responsible for the infectivity and carried the genetic material.<br /><br /> In 1954 Watson and Crick found the exact structure of DNA. Lwoff in 1949 found that virus could behave like a bacterial gene on the chromosome and also found the operon model for gene induction and repression. Lwoff in 1957 defined viruses as potentially pathogenic entities with an infectious phase and having only one type of nucleic acid, multiplying with their genetic material and unable to undergo binary fission.<br /><br /> In 1931, American pathologist Ernest William Goodpasture grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs. In 1949, John F. Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins grew polio virus in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. This enabled Jonas Salk to make an effective polio vaccine. <br /><br /> Era of polio research was next and was very important as in 1953 the Salk vaccine was introduced and by 1955 poliovirus had been crystallized. Later Sabin introduced attenuated polio vaccine.<br /><br /> In the 1980’s cloning of viral genes developed, sequencing of the viral genomes was successful and production of hybridomas was a reality. The AIDS virus HIV came next in the 1980’s. Further uses of viruses in gene therapy developed over the next two decades.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-71620353418144361322013-05-19T01:01:00.002-07:002013-05-19T01:01:52.114-07:00Solar Energy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Basics:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Solar energy technologies convert the sun’s light into usable electricity or heat. Solar energy systems can be divided into two major categories: photovoltaic and thermal. Photovoltaic cells produce electricity directly, while solar thermal systems produce heat for buildings, industrial processes or domestic hot water. Thermal systems can also generate electricity by operating heat engines or by producing steam to spin electric turbines. Solar energy systems have no fuel costs, so most of their cost comes from the original investment in the equipment. The total installed costs of solar applications vary depending on the type of financing used. Solar photovoltaics generally range from $6-$10 per watt installed, or $12,000-$30,000 for a typical 2-3 kilowatt residential-scale system. A solar hot water system sized for a typical home is much cheaper and costs between $3,500 and $8,000 depending on the size and type of the system (above prices exclude any incentives or rebates). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="" name="resource" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"></a><strong>Resource Potential:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Northwest receives more than enough sunlight to meet our entire energy needs for the foreseeable future. As the map above illustrates, the Northwest’s highest potential is in southeastern Oregon and southern Idaho; however, there are no “bad” solar sites—even the rainiest parts of the Northwest receive almost half as much solar energy as the deserts of California and Arizona, and they receive more than Germany, which has made itself a solar energy leader.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="" name="pv" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"></a>Photovoltaic Cells:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Photovoltaics (PVs) convert sunlight directly into electricity, using semiconductors made from silicon or other materials. Photovoltaic modules mounted on homes in the Northwest can produce electricity at a levelized cost of 20-60 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) before incentives. Incentives can bring the levelized cost down considerably to 10-20 cents per kWh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">PVs generate power on a much smaller scale than traditional utility power plants, so they can often provide high-value electricity exactly where and when it is needed. PVs are often the best choice for supplying power for remote, “off-grid” sites or in situations where the transmission or distribution system would otherwise need to be upgraded in order to meet peak demands. Distribution line extensions of more than half a mile are generally more expensive than investing in a PV system for a typical home.</span></div>
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<img align="left" alt="" height="214" src="http://www.rnp.org/sites/default/files/images/solmod.gif" style="border: 0px none; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="201" /><span style="font-size: large;">Other cost-effective PV applications include building-integrated power generation, meeting high summer demand for electricity (e.g., air conditioning), pumping water, lighting signs and powering equipment used for communications, safety or signaling.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Prices for photovoltaics are falling as markets expand. Solar PV demand has grown consistently by 20-25% per year over the past 20 years while solar cell prices fell from $27 per watt of capacity in 1982 to less than $4 per watt today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="" name="direct" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"></a><strong>Direct Thermal:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Direct-use thermal systems are usually located on individual buildings, where they use solar energy directly as a source of heat. The most common systems use sunlight to heat water for houses or swimming pools, or use collector systems or passive solar architecture to heat living and working spaces. These systems can replace electric heating for as little as three cents per kilowatt-hour, and utility and state incentives reduce the costs even further in some cases.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="" name="impacts" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"></a><strong>Environmental Impacts:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Solar power is an extremely clean way to generate electricity. There are no air emissions associated with the operation of solar modules or direct application technologies. Residential-scale passive construction, photovoltaic, solar water heating, and other direct applications reduce power generation from traditional sources and the associated environmental impacts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="" name="net" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"></a><strong>Net Metering:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Utilities in all four Northwestern states offer net metering programs, which make it easy for customers to install solar electric systems at their homes or businesses. In a net metering program, customers feed extra power generated by their solar equipment during the day into the utility’s electrical grid for distribution to other customers. Then, at night or other times when the customer needs more power than their system generates, the building draws power back from the utility grid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Net metering allows customers to install solar equipment without the need for expensive storage systems, and without wasting extra power generated when sunlight is at its peak. Such programs also provide a simple, standardized way for customers to use solar systems while retaining access to utility-supplied power.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In most net metering programs, the utility installs a special ‘dual-reading’ meter at the customers building which keeps track of both energy consumed by the building, and energy generated by the solar array. The customer is billed only for the net amount of electricity that they draw from the utility, effectively receiving the utility’s full retail price for the electricity they generated themselves.</span></div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="rtecenter" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Annual U.S. Solar Installations<br />by Technology:</strong></span><img alt="" height="129" src="http://www.rnp.org/sites/default/files/images/SolarInstalls.gif" style="border: 0px none; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="249" /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><em>Source: Interstate Renewable Energy Council </em><a href="http://www.rnp.org/node/solar-energy-technology#_end6" name="_endref6" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">6</sup></a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Net metering is available from utilities throughout Oregon and Washington, and law requires most Montana utilities to offer it as well. Additionally, Idaho Power and Rocky Mountain Power offer net metering in Idaho in accord with a Public Utilities Commission rule.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="" name="incent" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"></a><strong>Incentive Programs in the Northwest:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Every state in the Northwest offers incentives for solar energy development. Oregon, Idaho and Montana all offer low-interest loans and substantial tax credits for solar systems bought by businesses, individuals or governments. Washington now offers a production incentive of $0.15/kilowatt-hour or more for electricity from solar energy, depending on where the technology was manufactured. Montana and Oregon also exempt solar systems from property tax assessment, while Idaho and Washington exempt solar system purchases from sales taxes. Many local utilities and regional organizations also provide incentives. For example, the Energy Trust of Oregon offers additional rebates and loans to customers of Oregon’s two largest utilities and many utilities offer additional rebates, loans, or production incentives for solar energy systems.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-23665258071664975162013-05-18T09:23:00.003-07:002013-05-19T00:41:14.361-07:00Robotics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Robotics:</span><br />
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<img alt="robotics" src="http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/image/robotics.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Although the science of robotics only came about in the 20th century, the history of human-invented automation has a much lengthier past. In fact, the ancient Greek engineer Hero of Alexandria, produced two texts, Pneumatica and Automata, that testify to the existence of hundreds of different kinds of “wonder” machines capable of automated movement. Of course, robotics in the 20th and 21st centuries has advanced radically to include machines capable of assembling other machines and even robots that can be mistaken for human beings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The word robotics was inadvertently coined by science fiction author Isaac Asimov in his 1941 story “Liar!” Science fiction authors throughout history have been interested in man’s capability of producing self-motivating machines and lifeforms, from the ancient Greek myth of Pygmalion to Mary Shelley’s Dr. Frankenstein and Arthur C. Clarke’s HAL 9000. Essentially, a robot is a re-programmable machine that is capable of movement in the completion of a task. Robots use special coding that differentiates them from other machines and machine tools, such as CNC. Robots have found uses in a wide variety of industries due to their robust resistance capabilities and precision function. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Historical Robotics </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Many sources attest to the popularity of automatons in ancient and Medieval times. Ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons for use as tools, toys, and as part of religious ceremonies. Predating modern robots in industry, the Greek God Hephaestus was supposed to have built automatons to work for him in a workshop. Unfortunately, none of the early automatons are extant. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East, automatons were popular as part of clocks and religious worship. The Arab polymath Al-Jazari (1136-1206) left texts describing and illustrating his various mechanical devices, including a large elephant clock that moved and sounded at the hour, a musical robot band and a waitress automaton that served drinks. In Europe, there is an automaton monk extant that kisses the cross in its hands. Many other automata were created that showed moving animals and humanoid figures that operated on simple cam systems, but in the 18th century, automata were understood well enough and technology advanced to the point where much more complex pieces could be made. French engineer Jacques de Vaucanson is credited with creating the first successful biomechanical automaton, a human figure that plays a flute. Automata were so popular that they traveled Europe entertaining heads of state such as Frederick the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Victorian Robots </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Industrial Revolution and the increased focus on mathematics, engineering and science in England in the Victorian age added to the momentum towards actual robotics. Charles Babbage (1791-1871) worked to develop the foundations of computer science in the early-to-mid nineteenth century, his most successful projects being the difference engine and the analytical engine. Although never completed due to lack of funds, these two machines laid out the basics for mechanical calculations. Others such as Ada Lovelace recognized the future possibility of computers creating images or playing music.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Automata continued to provide entertainment during the 19th century, but coterminous with this period was the development of steam-powered machines and engines that helped to make manufacturing much more efficient and quick. Factories began to employ machines to either increase work loads or precision in the production of many products. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The 20th Century to Today</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> In 1920, Karel Capek published his play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), which introduced the word “robot.” It was taken from an old Slavic word that meant something akin to “monotonous or forced labor.” However, it was thirty years before the first industrial robot went to work. In the 1950s, George Devol designed the Unimate, a robotic arm device that transported die castings in a General Motors plant in New Jersey, which started work in 1961. Unimation, the company Devol founded with robotic entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger, was the first robot manufacturing company. The robot was originally seen as a curiosity, to the extent that it even appeared on The Tonight Show in 1966. Soon, robotics began to develop into another tool in the industrial manufacturing arsenal.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Robotics became a burgeoning science and more money was invested. Robots spread to Japan, South Korea and many parts of Europe over the last half century, to the extent that projections for the 2011 population of industrial robots are around 1.2 million. Additionally, robots have found a place in other spheres, as toys and entertainment, military weapons, search and rescue assistants, and many other jobs. Essentially, as programming and technology improve, robots find their way into many jobs that in the past have been too dangerous, dull or impossible for humans to achieve. Indeed, robots are being launched into space to complete the next stages of extraterrestrial and extrasolar research.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-57497179584079410132013-05-18T00:32:00.002-07:002013-05-18T09:22:25.456-07:00Super Computer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>SUPER COMPUTER:</b></span><br />
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<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSERUUExQVFRQUFxcYFxcXGB0YGhYYGBgVGBwYFxccHScgFxolGRcXHy8gIycpLCwsFx8xNTAqNSYrLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGikkHxwsLCwsLCwsKSwsLCwsLCksLCksKSwsLCwsKSwsLCwsLCksLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwpLCwpLP/AABEIALIBGgMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAABBQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAFAgMEBgcBAAj/xABJEAACAQIDBAcDCQUGBAcBAAABAgMAEQQSIQUGMUETIlFhcYGRMqGxBxRCUmJygsHRIzOSovAVU7LS4fEWJEPCNERUY3ODk4T/xAAYAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAIDBP/EACMRAQEBAAMBAAMAAQUAAAAAAAABEQISITEDQVETImFx0fD/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/ANHY02xrocGm3rNTwFIcV4vao8ktBLLVwvUczUnpqzpxIL0kyUwXNcNGo/0tc6WmLU9hsSinrKreJI+BoRWelKjHgCaJ4beOBeMKjwsfiKm/8XwAfT8Ao/Wtef0AbYSQC5VgO2xtTFjR2TfaLkjnxsP1oPtDb8Unsw5W7Q3xFrGi5/VhAFJIqL88PZUWTHHNex9/wo04IsK5ahzbRbs91R32s31fcazsPWjFqUBQIbYb6vxpf9sEfRp1daN3Nd1oIm3e6nV28DyNWrrRfOa8JKHHay870pNqoedOjKIiWldLUJcWp5ip8OBkYXVGIPOxtTBjwkpQanl2LL9Q0ptjTDXIfKx9wrXqNKafWouUqbEEeOlPq9QOWpBroakM1WkoV2mwaUGpB1RS7U0rU7ekG1FNTG1SMNGz+wpbv5etPSbJP/UdE7r3NDQJNPfhTJUmjEmHhXgWc93VHqbn3VCxNl9o5Ryvx/1opRBD20vLUgypluBc3/rjTrgqLt1O612PlcWrFsaxDELG1lv76WdkTWuVIHeLfGu4rHsqLZpFFzqSQD3ZUX8+XGmJMKHUMc5vqb/of1rN5Q9TEsABszi/cQfga9FhlY2BufT3m1PPBYDLGhDHXSx7L5gb0sbOdHLKVXQ3Li4Hf/vWexyEyYJUFyU//RCfQE01g3jd2UZbr2sov3gXva+mtNvg8jZmxCs3bdb+APEeVqmwSQMOtMx00KFnJ7rqCatoyOIiZiOrpxOlvC97Xp4TdEbqyrwB1T8+PlQ9JMGpOZzlFu3ie4i96XjNoQG3RpIVBDXMbHtNwbg9lO8lkWEbRlHFj5BfyFRMRtHDuf2jOD25l99lFRl3mw1+DnXUZdRbWza2XzIqFJvdg2dlSKUslswCcMx0sc3WPhen1YJGKO65Jg97cHAb+G9/S9MnCXJ9sceZ/Wnots4dAG6CQEWIuov4DrWvytTEm+I1y4aQHW1yhsbWAIz3GttPdzrOf0uLsQn6bebAfE00dnrms0oBtwHWPwt76RHvXKwJyKG1Wxja5tmP0WOgP+1JxG8MMbXaGe4H92Lk6Xsc2vEU2fwQ6cBGB1i7d6ounjcUycJErDQnukjt/hN65JvFg5B1g4OW9itiOJsdeOnDjTMGNwN+uHXmDk09RfsvRlImY1YaYWFgOYDj33ofJs5ZL9HhwpH1Hc28jepWKxMCMyiT6OoLG5JAIBHPS3rXIZo2FlkB0FgSDbwDcKLaYgLsQ9bRxbtFJw8Einqs631GjLoLX1HiKODD9RlMiqyMC2YqNCvC9vPXtpsP10EZs1jc6g8uw27PQVK6dwW0MUvBy3iQ3xFOrvbODZlH8P8ArT0yOMtwzE87nh33H51GxcQXUqy3YC+a+pNuVjW9s/bGHpd8DwdUt3qf1qOu2o5D1QgP2T+V6R0qm65VbQi5Ug8NLGw59tN4bZ68QOHxtV2qyJQevNUZ4LMAGseQvx8udOzTlQARfvpnIdTgNdvXcMysONekjtW5WcdQ0/UeOpNq0DhnlcDrZR2DSh2PcxLnyl9dQb+vGj0EXUFQ9o4cEC/C44+BrNjcCf7Wlt7NtL5V6lvFl199MSQvJYsioO0XJPmeNL2/vBDhyY2DFiFyhV04A6ubD48KCY7fGQxAqoReAY3Nj3MRlJFYzW/+Fzg2QBGHzWtbn+fAVHxeKw0Yu8i356lj52vbzrL/AO2Zpv8AqSygcLZmXyyhgTz4elShJJa79S3DOURvI5ywPHUqx8K1ixc8ZvfhxGpjuxRr3cFUtY31PH0oHjN6ZJW0ZAW4CMMzWv23sP68KAriIUUyM2HW7dUs5l1A7ERbn7zUlWzxtNJNK0SgnqxHJpxy9IxVrdhvRmnInY7eCVWVX6SxNlFwAvAXc3U215E8D2VFj22xktYu1+BdRmPLVc5A7qZ2C8E0x6NJndVLksyRWAIF+rGut7DSnsEVlmQhWUe0f2kjs1iBZiWJ51ZiEtmyOsz9PFljIBWyyG7HiWLoosNQCDTu2cRHJlRVkWSQhY2ygm4BOt5QbWBPK9ufCgkuzYhJIWFlErXZjoBm9kKRd9Ow2Gl6Zk2qnTK6aBZFdVvGvAWI9vS9E9Q3h9lscLLJFI5lTPlPRLdiqhguS7alja92JpvCQTmKIypIZSl3DC1mL2IIAFhkA0Pb30H2lgotGbGZTmzGJGuD1gSMwcLwGUkDnztakMcM3Eqh+t0j3H8pFFSx/wBlzSM1hYBny2IXMpHBs32rnS3AUjD7pYtMT0jPeJcgVFcZWYRICWkB6q5wTYkE8NBQ1NlbMj1bECTTM1yxuxUWjjCx6Ae0WI52AN+qPxyYE+yVtppaQDQ3/ub60zxLTJhZIZGaR0dW+i03SKupPVF9LC4HHl40Ek23NnJaKEZmBN7g3BJvbNe9yahrLgCIrhACzmQohuqopIy5o7li2W/IAnxoCmMw63ssT3+upbt+yO2s5b+lq0S4+SSTqxRtc5rqSLNckk9bvbU8mNFsJs6VowescovlMq3PW4D9kbi1vG3lVACQS5rBUkBQgKvUIDdYEFdDY8b8hei2KhwmUIqQrKQQ1yygcrow0vw40/F6JyRRRvIssj58pKwyEIVJB1F8Ot9NQdOFtaVs7BN1lixDSEqpRomjcx2PEqAhPZbS1+egPd1XGGIKvAwW51ljJW9hcMUDL2aEXza30ojtBcIzhTJDEWIZMRE+YhmPWRxnJTTncjU251rUiynFiItKcxVv3jouia6ZRMG9rXjwvpTeCxDSFQBG5GrZsOGX2hqgKs1st++4HLWk4zCxZHWHHOr6gH5yjLfwMnWFK2XgZyhI2hcjgoZCx1bjmJB0yjjbTjWdufEkJNlDIgXrassbsoBN7hVZRltc+HYKRHtqXCWdlaVjKWI6QM4UIoF+N9SeX0aDO+MjnJzpbNxaEKw1XVgq2J9rnyFE9tbSx6osnRwzJbWSMvEVt9bLJk/iFHWNf5L+/wD3z/paNjfLFh8p6VysguOsgUcAQLqSO3U2opsre2CVszZsp1OnSJx4loi4HLjas6PRYlVZ0d3IJfLHDNaxIuwUBjwvrrY107IwjQtIjPDItwsipJCARawdeuOJF8tvdW3PGspPA+YxPGwsR1WDa3AtoTakw4UAG3M39azbcrDzPjY2eeHEAZiWzZpQAjW1ZQ9s1u0VrPQ6VSM3wA/4dTpml0ZmCjK4DKCvAqSLqdBwNtOWt3JkZc30hmNr20Bsctxwte2tGBHXNpxAZbADme86C579KLx8ModGsdusjDw/X/SuWUao4+7IvH4/lRqDZyMgNyDblw9KiY7DACxs3latZRsQYcdGTZ4yh7UNx6H9aIiKL+8/lqvzYex6rFe46j0NxT6o31U/m/zUTmrxek2mRqo17ScxHhyFRHnZjdiSe+kNXgbak2ApSg7xzfNp0zISZpWCsXsFBewJ6MKxGpNi3LWpWPmMZcBIQyNkL5LseVwzljbu7xR3ebceTHFOjdUyNe7BjawfsHa3bypW2dx2kmLdP1WIZlVfpgAA8bH6WvfWs8bnJmm2dpTssbdKQCGLAk2JAjNgACB7R7BpRX5QtlqGj6IBFZSAAORWJhz43Zu2je0t04I0BdJZAL2UNqb3voLad/LSoD7+qSoig1QBVJJZgAAOOS4NgL60yxVN3q2W+IwuFyizKkRIuEIJSQNfNa30L89al7O2FINmGFwAbzHrNoVkjcA5uHtsNahbO2pNKM6QrnzquZ3JyZhcEKx4nhe3gQaY2jjMe+rmHiQFCA2INrnpARfvvR2VI3W2eMHOZGKEFGUiO5OpUjUgC3Vqfgt2nazZygBRrkakLIj2AzaghLX0GtBsPPig65pFXUcI4+ZA5KO2jW9EWKjhVlnYlpMrZLpoRpfKdaOV27V+vDG8G6UeKlEivIhsc4jF8zEk5sxvraw0FtK7sb5PEWQMeml+zKbp5gIPHjyoAYcQwuZXI7y7fn4UT3VhL4hVaVgGGlm1vlzcOA4GjQO7Z3DgxRQ2ZEjuC0RyKbtcqqheub36xNh38KZwW4GCicPlbMpBGeY8u0XAPeLW7qjbw7IFsOc7ENGt7kHXqCw04a0KOxwB7XD48OztHCrsl3x27mGxeWKRI8mYN1XyhSAVvZHH0Ta3h2VUTujg32r0MMCJhoGBmkeR7DKbsCzPpfgoHeeANpOwdjoZkzC4zMOYPsn9RTGzdkxnE7SQjSI5k1Ohs5ue3iKdXg1tHERAsqNEseoC9KnsnSxGfgRyoDLgsOfoYc+cf61XMK8S4qRZWCxq7KLsFW2QEC/tXBvxPPuqwQjZ7EAPEzE2AExNz2WvrUO8jmNMeCVJ4Y0CSMEny9bKD7LW1CAHste4p3H7EhsrhFLMOt1yNTY3AzDS9/dXNs7ChGzsU4FslsnWNtSnHt4imtp7Dj+a4UjRnjVmOYakog0ue030+FFaldgwaAWyR2++L+96JYHdGGXKyo3SRusgQyDJKFIJTMQcraaXNjwNuIqi7Pj+tmueRGmvDTwNNDBr84w6KR+0nRD90kXtp2GoavGL+TjCvmmQ4oq7tmVXKtE/Eo0eTTj8K7sz5PYI3zZsQ4ysMsvWGvO4VSLelIxuxQkU3RySA9JGgu1xYRRsTYW1tfyFAzg5E9uQg8eJGnaddNatSXj/AJMiZJHXEmNWYsAIlKqDyPWuttOIt313Zm5UsDkviXKldMg6M3uNQQxFrXHnQvZm3cT86ghWVx0pNznbQC/LNY6CrJtiTEQQnJNcGZwBlChQoAa2hGr3Nu80pWxuttC91kiY30673966VNePHRx5pAjThgAugJXTrdLdbjiLG9RcRvLiEuS97AnVU5eK0f3X23icZCzskborZBmGUk63PVIBtbjoavFoj8m+2MTLizHPhujAiZhJl42ZFyiTMQfaOndWoumlYg23pYrOIlS5spV3DXuQPpGrduZ8pj4uQQtCXs2UyKb5TcDrDKBbvq0WL7YDU8BqfAa1luE32kY64iKRDwz9XmDbXUafZt31pG3MUI8LM5tZY39rQaqQL91yBWSYfY+CkTo+jEeZgxCuUBYBlFmB6vtHTge+pcZ4umB3wmRDnw5I0t0bo4YdqEEFrW4WJ4U4u+ULtZ2aMuBlWQFe3t+FqpEO50BUrhsVJGxYNpKrnQMMo1Fwbg6n6I4a3ffYeMjUZcQJWB63TJlJTTT6TH6XA24U4cjStmqjkEZXU8xqDU5tlRX9ke+sx2TtXE4X93ChDG7ZCoBOguLj4n0p7FbxuXYk7QBLEkIwyg3OiWv1ezXhRB1qxrBfU6Dtp3FYRGjdQupRrEnnbT31Xtlbyqxlidspw5s2Y8eswuOf0fPNVf23vnjJiY8BBLbnL0ZLH7i26vidfCj6Mq/pvTh4IFM0iLmsQGNybgcFAJOvdTK7+QubRB3PGyR8u03IyjvNqzXdncCZ5A+KEiltQnGWS3PXSJBzd+HAAmrhtRngTocLHBGObtLEBf7Ku+Zj9txfsArXrXWFbx7aiEqyuxXqkFbXZgQeFjqB2+z2GqEcVAr5lR+J0LgcTfhkPxp2fdjEyOScjsxuSJkY+JOY3o1sfYUeGIaQoX453ICJ90Gxdu/l3czDkEd3cG5BZ4ujjco2rEuxQ5hkTKLd5awtTe3d4sOhyqOkcMTYN1VNrasB1j3LoO01D2xtNpbouJhSPgf2hLP94qp0+yNPGg42LH/6rD+Zf/JR4s/pyTbgY3MUXmGb/Ex7KsOx8RiMYDfIIQbs7xqVuOwW6x/q9C9i7rxSSqHxUBW4uEe5Pdc2y+NHlxqyvlZ48PgouqgzhTMB9Lj1Y+w8SNRxvVitOT4OB9RHFHhov3s7IM8hGmSFfZUk8Wsewa8Ah2+vS3w8MUKL7NkUvbhcuVJvbsNS9vSRYhgvz7DRwpoka527sxyrYn4DQc7w4djYQcdoQ/8A5S/pVVBRdtuQAWGnDTh4aaUvDYuaaVYozYsdTYdUDix05D8qgrsvC8to4fzV1+Iqy7pwYbDh3GKgmkew6jr1VBuQATckmxPgKJFcRt79rCGSCCILnzJ0kpVcxuVFrgaEjUnwFNbn4Vfn+0ZDcgmINcDLcoGsDzIUa/eFUWba7TY12OpMosBrr0yiy9vZWoY7BrDhpI1ZElmuzFmsMxVU1PKyqo8qZ91m/GZ7R3jlLsVcgXNgLLYXNuFDW27N/ev/ABH9aJT7vBeOJwl//mv+VQn2Qg/8zhj4Of0qbM/29Na3SuQeILEg+IOhqyyYk4jZx0vIvA5DplYXAIU5ep2W4VXDsleU+HP4/wDSj27X7EMGkjKsdMrZvHhUrErdO0apG4UtlzEEagsWaxuLnjzobvDNiMNKLSuUa7I3Mdo05jTyIobt3Ethcbm4RMkaq19CoW1we5hY1Y8SyYrDgO4RrBgx1ANufcQaBAMb04gizSFhxswDC/C9iDrapeB3g6w6SOJ15gxqL+aqCKiLsNOeKw/8RP5U9HsKP/1cA/j/AMtR8WnC4bDxuuLjw8csI4mxE2FJvfn149TqdR221oltOAGMPkSWG7HMLjKWN2zgEWufLwoFsGM4dw0eNwnYVaQqGHMG68Kssi9A3T4Exzxn99hUkV7jmYQDqePV9NDan6z8VHH4XDkH9gmosbPIPT9p+VEN29qYaOIQIpj1Y2aSwYte9pCpyNrpmFvtCiW2t0UktNhpolikGYLK+QC/1Sb9XuOo4VXMRuiQf/FYIf8A9A/y1HwS25sRSLpHKwQhmQOFkW3N4+jOYdjISLc6E7l7Zw+AGVRIbuGZjlJtfVeAHC+vfRTZLSw5UebDSxr7OTEIJI++NjbT7J08KXtjd5cS9ly9K2qypYpKfqygexJ9oaHx0pHgvvLt5No4OWGBiC+S/AmwdGIIuLEhbakDXS9VDZ80cJZZCQwjZQHQizkaEjWw76iR7vYqNsyqVIOjB1Hoc1WDDq+IQR4qAMRosildPHKSV8Rp2ik/FNwuw5jikU5jAwXrqcyE8SL/AEW7jY91FcXLMccYYWmyjMFCFiQVCjl9tjfuqYdiYnDyXw+dh2AdYdzJ9Id4uDUyLYEsiyMcNKkz2KsVbo82bMx4XRmGmt1+7ViQtrY3FxYqOBbtmVQWeMWLaXJJXrce2+hotJtDISpeO6kg+3xGn1qiwbXYMYsUJY5VIBe5SRTyu30+Gma97aEcaI/OZ+WOhI7WhOY/e/ZnXt1PiaYmcbf2Vi0hkmxHRq4KX6Mi7gnKWcqbEglR/tQfZOExEz5IUJexIGfIdLcCba6itC2o/Tq8J4SIyD7xHV/mAqg7nTiDEwymQAiTIyZTfK/VJzWy6E8L30o4+odmw+ItiY8Q7dLDh45ejZs4IAJPWzEaKe/hyquQYySwyxg34WB1t4VpG9WHEe0cJMfYxKPhpOzUG3rn/lrMp9kujuhK3RmU3B4qSPyp4y34rR7Ze7eMxSpLBHGyZrEhwpBFr3DEWtRTG7IZcNiWLAyYebo3W1xYlesGvfXOD60Y+SLFELNCxFwVkFuFmGU8e9V9anbU2f8A87jIOWMwyyr99AYjbzEZ86Ocy4pWdwySWuBccL5WOvG178aVJLLfLZQ3IMCvHxNQFjl+qhH3j+lOxrJcXVQOZDXI8rVceHLfReUWXZG5e0DIRJCFUqbNmUANyDda9uN7A0vG7IMOy3nDBnicxsmU2BWUwnW9zY2PDnWo7HxXS4eJ/rRqT42F/feqpi8Dmh2thvtPKvhLGsw/nVvSs36tZNBt2U3yoptqdGNh32OlO/29Na/Riw4nK1h53qGmDlF7K1j2MBcd+tOCGW1sjkcxmFvS9b6X+Dt/uI7Pxk05yoIs2gszZb37CTb31YcJulj16RZMOQQuZMuUhm4ZS2ay+PL0qs7IDJJcoV5gnmRrX0QzXF+3X1q5TJPFrGsHsLIpWQZZVZg+RuDB82h7tKnYPAYYA9NE0zE8Wciw05AC57yedEtpx2xGIH/u3/ijib4k1BK1zdJC2w+D5Ya34if+6mGwuG5Q+8/5qcSO5A4X7alBIxoVzEcSJLX/AE8KtWB3zLDn/oj+vOux7Nw97iFb+f60QWKMjQAG3FpPyFvTw82ejsbXv31aQ/auwoZlAysliD1W/I3H+1IxeBXD4chLm5A6xvy7rchRZl4eND96JMsK2Ut1xoup4N+tHt8F89V6ORh9X0P+anPnr9i+h/zU1h8VKbrHBiOtxCg627QONdxU2IUWeDEKG1s91vrxseOtPXkzqHjdssrBbLrz1FuXbRnYOzcS4d1iEmQZgImVyTfgQGuvPWx4GqpOxeZbjLw0PEWJNbF8keCtBNJ9dwvki3+L1065x9Z7XVd3h2OcJFBFcM5Us+ZbZTobaNrqzfw0F6aUaCO/Z1W17La1YPlAx0jYwhIs6qqi+cLYm7W17mFVeXEzc4gP/tB/KszhyvxrtEHHbwurZSq+/wDWrJufhnxBCgqDIQLprZdczEXBFvD0qh7RJMhJ0J5A3tw51rHyV4IRrLM3CKIDzPWPuT3106Zx9Y7XfAja8LieWwzZWK8CeGgvY6cPjVf2xtpomClBc+II8jRDFTYliWYQXYknVzqTeqxjFaSdQ1s1wDlvaw1569tXH8d/ZvP+ND2Ak8uEkkV2VY1sQGNrka8xYhT6kVX9ubXkw4FxcsSNSQdOOt/Crk8TQbIjVGCPiHzklc3V48Lj6Kp61mG3FZpVVmzMdBZQtrnsFX+Pb58Xbxa8NiJ5cH0zSHIpCMC7E9fKwUXGo+lYGwt4VGGNb6xontROhwOFh4GQvO3geon8oNBAtGRufPVi25AYMQ3SMLxvZOQuG0PeTp61T95dnGPGSKoIDnpFHc4zWHgcw8qu+y932mkEkjMwjuBcAAMNNAALnlflQjefYN5GeQEqCArX9kG5C92t65fi5dbos3xYdvMcXsdZl/eRBJx3NGbP7s/pVV3mUNMJl9nExpKPEizD+JSfOrf8neToZMOTmTXQm/VcEMPW/wDFVU2hsd8ow2f/AMK8iAn2rEg2PdwI7jXXjyyqzUncbaPR42K/CQNEfxar/MB61et7R0c2CxI+hMYXP2Z1sL9wdU9azJNk4hWRw6kxlSNAD1SCNRbsrV9vYf53s6QJ7TxCRO0OtpF88ygVfksvsEmM021guixMqcg5I+63WX+UiomX30U3jxhxBhnijZukiTOOGVh48dCB+GhMjuFH7GQNzNxY+XL/AFrpx5TGbGn/ACeY3PgwOcbMvkesP8R9KfkQLtKx9nE4ax7zDIQf5Jx6VXPksx3XljIK5gHAPapsfc3uqzbzDI+Fm/u5wjH7M6tH/j6OuHP61GTSQZGZDxQlT+E2/KvWohvg6x42YXtmbOPxgN8SaGJiIypPSID9UnW2vv0Gnf3V6pdmubpHWXx+INbfsmXPh4W7Yoz/ACisKGMUkAEcR8a2ndGXNgoe4Ff4WYfACuX5fhitbeS2KlHaI29Vy/8AZQxlo1vLHbFn7UMf8rzf5hQplrzu0+Ijnsolsx8Nk/bpKXvxQi1vNhUAL1q0rdjdvByYWJ5UQuQcxLkG4ZhwzaaAVrNPbr+md7TePP8AsEcJb6ZFye3if6FNQEniLGrHvtgIosQFgUBMimym+pLXNyTytQBE63kPzozPF27enMuoqDt86IO9vyokF1FBN5cWqugJt1SfU/6VrhP9TPL4ixyspurFT2qSD6imcTMzasxa3aSfjTceNQ3/AGiLb6zAa9mp99QMVtZLHWvTjloXhFzYhj2A/kPzredxcJ0Wz4+1gz/xMbfy5awvYERYuRxZgB7z+YrftqzDCYE8uiiCjxVQo9Wt61z/ACXyRcWb7SnzyyP9Z2I8Lm3utQnGmwNLXHjhlkI7l/W1RdoyO+bJFJbW17X8NDW+NkNisRJ0mIA7W9w1rZcGnzfZRPBsQ59PZ/wofWss3V2czTG4IYWWxFjmY9n9ca1DfvDy/sMPBlyxILk9uijTwBP4quVn7HGKnjXspPZVd3ZwRnxWmpLBR4ubfrVjxO7uJlFmkjUWtZVt68aJfJhsIRYqQPr83UyM3K7XVR23sGP4av8AJM8N40Y34nGcRp7EEajwvb8stZrsbBnE44AfWAHixyj4k+VXnamyYZJJJZiSXYsczaC/IDsA0qDu/CmHlxGLjULFh4Syj60zkpHx1Gub3VmfkkmNXhUTevaAlxsip7EZEKeEYy6eLBvWrzhN3IBGgYpmCqGuw4gC9/Os53LwRmxaZvZU53PcupJqyz4aFmZiASxJJLakk3N++uV9bxe+iABAFhr76B7c2eJEZP7wFb9jcVP8QFWN1qBjoLg1iucrKN1dvjD41A4K3bo37sxtr4NY+VXTePZ6rtCNj+7xsbR3+rOgGRvErlHlVE332YI8SXynLOM+nJ+Djh9brfiq89Kdo7IDobzw2kU8+lhOvmy3/iFa/WtgazWJUsMwNiDa4I5W41fdy8bmhynjGbeR1H5jyrLd6oOnkixCAZcTGrj7/suviG/xCiXycYx8Piwr+xMMmt7ZuK8ed+r+Ko30aGzCj4qMW/5dwQvbFJ1lI7gpt+E00G7jVj2/EI8bBKf3eJRsLJ46vGfH94vmKoG09rywTPGchyEjUdngazhl8WbY0ipio5NQb5Se5rrr638quG8uC6XCzJa5ylh95CHX+ZRWRJvU3NF8iR+tbHsbaIxGHimH/UQMR2Hgw8mBHlV6zy/rPWwgKqzro4upYWzDTgTx4j1pB2dGeS0f2mgXCkG//Kysh7k+j/KY6rI27Cfpfyn9KI07LsOM/RF+2rzuMLYYqdcsjehCn4k1RjteD66+YP6VbdwMejiZUZWtkawPbmH5Cnb8Z5Twje5bYiE/WjlH8LQkfFqDstWDfSPXDt/7jqfBonPxQUCYVKGVWzA9lO9OPq/16VzLSStTRwT/AGff/pSVW5J8K4q06i1J4DreVC9o7GjmlzOLkKFHDhqezvoso1ND58fErsGkUEHUZtR5UJGTdyH6nuH6Upt3IbWKaV2TbMA+nfwDH8qg4zb8AUm5P4T+Yp9XhzY2xEXHYaKIaNJnYamyoM55/ZtWhb4TDIiHW5udL+yP1IqofJJgw88+ItoECKfvm59yj1qdvzvEI8QEyliq9trEnw7AtN2szNNKAOA91qjYzF5QdPfQSfetuSKPEk/pQjaW8UjDLdbnSwGuviaJGtWbcTZnzjHJiLlUjzvlubNksoZjz67Cwt9E0f2liS8jvyJNvAaD3VE2L/y2y5ZU9uW0MZ52W6lgfvmVvwiqVjIpMhd2NgNSST5eNP0fvR7bG1yoIVxm7Blv4c6NYGdcDs7PJcyYtrkj2mVRYHlpYE//AGVnW7OClxWIiRE6rSBWa/sjiW8h1vKr1vrtjDmbJbOMMvRqq3YLb2gbAgG4C6/VrXW6O0qu7T3n6QhFXKCeJP5f61I3ln6HBQQDRsQfnEg5hAMkKn8ILeNA9zdhDG4o9LbJcluQA9pj3AKD6ipe08S2OxrMo0kcLGPqxjqqLfdAPrTynU8b2F938B0WBllJCGXq5jyjXVz5jT8VUaTbL3Ngtrm2n+tXbfIABYYxcRqIk5i/0iBwvmvr2AV7C/Jc7IrZWN1Bv23Arpx4yTbWOXK741mRaizJRCRKjSJXGsRRd89kdJCwA6yftE8QOsvmvvUUK+TLbXRzGInqy6j74H5j4CrztLZhmBRTlP1hyqhS7nywPmVHQo4YMoJUlTodNLU8eWTK6T0vbmyAhxOEFx0R+d4e390/71B3A3Nvs1WoEdSCr+yQwuoOoIINxbW4GtaPt+8sEOMiAMmGOZl+tG3VlQ/HXsPbVBxUBSRsqN0VzlPEheIBF+I4eVa4WfKrK1XaC/Ptnkx/vGVZI/syxkMo/jXL51SN5cSrdDilRimJQMQovZ1ADKbajkPG9Gfkx21mEkBuCpzrcW0Oht56+Zpva2zMpxWG+qfncH3HJ6VB91s+n2lrFk3Epr4yEjrLY/aUj4p+daH8l20S8EkemVJC0ZBBBjfs8HD3+9VBEnfVj3H2j0eJUcn6h/Fw/mC+tbvCSDdWza2FvLPGP/MwZl/+SKyn3GH0rME2aDztz1IFa5vB1RFN/cyqT9yT9m3ldlb8FZjtzY6x4mVbuOuSLOwFm6wsL24EVz4zadwPfZWntD1BPpe9H/kyn6LaDw8ekgJB4XKsrW9M1AjguySUfiB+INHdymMeLjuxa7Wu1r9YFLaAdorp0s+jdXve+G8SH6ssZ9SUHveqzbWrbvUl8JKRoVAceMbK/wD21UyNa5Hi5auFactXCKmyVWlqK8BTiipEoNTVOm2UZJXfNqxJ4cvEnsq3u1lY9gY/GqguEe2sznwCL/21rjxt+M244dii2re9b+l71X9swnpOijBY2ue3mfhR+TB6aySn8ZHwtQ3d6DPPIwuctkW5JJJPadSdPfXXjws+sXlrUPkrwDQ7PDSDK0ju1iLdUWRb/wAJPnVD2vtaKXESSOwOZjbUXsNFFvACtR24/wA2wOQHUIsY8SMpPxbyrMsiqOqAvgAPhWOPHsdwOxm04xG2RTmtocpAHffKAPG9Bd3dgnEvluRcgAgalmOgqVvFidMt+Pwq6/Jns1YlaeTRYUMjE/WYG3ooPmBXXrOE2MW7U7fJDGIMJCVEeHjUEm5JawF7C2the9+LmqBvBIwWzOWLHhYAH4k+tWXF7UMzO9mLMSbBTrc8idLAd/KgsGx5ZsYmZCBoVB+kxNgPXXyok4z61dXHcLZ4wmFfENxVciX5yNa58tB4Xqnb148gZb9Zj59/netK2zscusWGjzFIRdgl+s55m3iT+I1Gg+TfpGXNEV6wJYkZtOfPXxrM/JJdXXxC3M3Nk/s2XIQskylAT9W4zi/LNYrfsWmt1d22idmsekUlF01VrasR3aedbFgtmLHEqAWCgC3gLUqDZ6ISyqAW4nmeXGscpeV1TlkxQsFuLndMynqkEs3G3YPWrf8A8O/bYeGg8hRlVpflWpGNV1heoOIFqmE2NehhzNmPAcKyYawmFyjvPGnzDUnoq4sXP40oNn2WD7Nhe9wRob9tAI/k8UCwlYeQIHYO2wGmpq6BaUUvpR1jU5VQody5YZFljZGKnsykjmOfEUre/BFkSZSVeBrkjjkbRh3i+U27Ae2r50dJbBq3EA+IovE9mEDYKhrpIQRw1vbyN/hScLseWOQMHuPLTsIsBwNj5Vu74BDoVUjvAOv9fGos+7kDcYk8hb4Wp3ku0/gTBIuJw2vCVCG7iQVb0N/Ss23lxDu6MEJkVOjmGgs8bFb68QfgK1qLYgiXLGOrcm1+Z7L0HxW5jSSs+YIH1ItfWwBNwefH1rM2XVsrJ+kfKbo9+wAEeoPhyp/Y+OImUlWUrZtQR7JB/KtNk+T9+UinxBqFitwJeXRn1H5Vvvf4vP6sO04ukhkX66MB+JSPzqg4GbPFG31kQ+oBrQMKpSNFe2ZVUNrzAAOvlWfYPDmNMh+gzqO8B2CnwK2NcjxTLV6u1ylt0ClikClE6VJC2tiAmHdj2AfxED86rUWJzfRcDty/rarxhdkPiOoltLE34fDtosm4cgGroPAE/pWuPKyeMXP2ynFvLlNomPp8AaLfJjsks8WYfSaVr/Z9m/mF9a0ltwjb97r93/WpGw90Pm7MwNy4AuQBYA35dunpW+9v6Z8VXf8AkkldIo7AJ1mJ+sdAAL8hc/iFVUbuyEWMlgeNgoPrYkVsn/CcTMWcFmbjcn3AVLw+wYQNI0B8L/Gsy8vh7RgWN3KuysGvb2gdbju/2rStn7tyDBpCqayHPKSQAOBCnnyXgPontq9/2Wl75Rp5VIGHAFgLU/6rMrPafpSMNuG3N1H3Vv7zaiGz9yUjkEhYsVvluBpcWvoOPH1q0qtdtR1i7VGhw4AsBapKx1zLTbTGtMngK6FphG1qUtQeUUvLXAKVetJUZySQBxNEoksAKjYOC5LelEUi0rDRASlZKdWO1KtSDOWuLHzp5k5V5lqRGSugWpQrp7KiQopQFOAV4qKEQEryJqfT8/z91LCV1F0qDhWuFKctXstKRpcOCOA7PXSoe0d3YptWQE9vA+o1ok/LxH6/lTnlRiUHFbkzgnJlZb6dbW3K9xxtUX/hXEg/ur/iW3+KtJ8vh+te8vh+tHVrvWbJuniSf3YHiy/qaJ7P3IfMDKUy81BJJ89LVdOfDkeztFKt3VdV3qJg9mRxCyIq+A+J51IMdLAPd/XlXcp7q0ybQXApWWvKp115/HWu5e81Jy1IBAPjr+v5UvIP61pMi6f1/XChONMBzppsWOQphltSb0acSoZbnx/r+vAVIC0ORtf6/rvolE1x8aYK8BTMsWtSaSwvSEZUqREpFOJGBSqk8opdJWnK0gjDrpT3L0+Ner1BLpNq9XqERFz/AK7a89cr1URUdd5+Q+Jr1eqJZGlJr1eoTzcD4Gl16vVB6vV6vUlw8V8f+1qWK9Xqg7Xq9Xqg5zHgfitLFcr1Rerter1QI5nwH512uV6ovVwV6vVJBl/IfAU3Xq9WGnRUvAn2vL4V6vVqCpH0vKliu16tMurXa9Xqk6ONdr1epT//2Q==" 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<span style="font-size: large;">Supercomputing is all about pushing out the leading edge of computer speed and performance. The sports metaphors that arise as research sites compete to create the fastest supercomputer sometimes obscure the goal of crunching numbers that had previously been uncrunchable -- and thereby providing information that had previously been inaccessible.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Supercomputers have been used for weather forecasting, fluid dynamics (such as modeling air flow around airplanes or automobiles) and simulations of nuclear explosions -- applications with vast numbers of variables and equations that have to be solved or integrated numerically through an almost incomprehensible number of steps, or probabilistically by Monte Carlo sampling.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The first machine generally referred to as a supercomputer (though not officially designated as one), the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator, was used at Columbia University from 1954 to 1963 to calculate missile trajectories. It predated microprocessors, had a clock speed of 1 microsecond and was able to perform about 15,000 operations per second.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">[ Source Receive the latest news on Linux and open source in Computerworld's Linux & Open Source newsletter ]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">About half a century later, the latest entry to the world of supercomputers, IBM's Blue Gene/L at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, will have 131,072 microprocessors when fully assembled and was clocked at 135.3 trillion floating-point operations per second (TFLOPS) in March.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The computer at Livermore will be used for nuclear weapons simulations. The Blue Gene family will also be used for biochemical applications, reflecting shifts in scientific focus, making intricate calculations to simulate protein folding specified by genetic codes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The early history of supercomputers is closely associated with Seymour Cray, who designed the first officially designated supercomputers for Control Data in the late 1960s. His first design, the CDC 6600, had a pipelined scalar architecture and used the RISC instruction set that his team developed. In this architecture, a single CPU overlaps fetching, decoding and executing instructions to process one instruction each clock cycle.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Cray pushed the number-crunching speed available from the pipelined scalar architecture with the CDC 7600 before developing a four-processor architecture with the CDC 8600. Multiple processors, however, raised operating system and software issues.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">When Cray left CDC in 1972 to start his own company, Cray Research he abandoned the multiprocessor architecture in favour of vector processing, a split that divides supercomputing camps to this day.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Cray Research pursued vector processing, in which hardware was designed to unwrap "for" or "do" loops. Using a CDC 6600, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) produced a 10-day forecast in 12 days. But using one of Cray Research's first products, the Cray 1-A, the ECMWF was able to produce a 10-day forecast in five hours.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">National Pride</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Throughout their early history, supercomputers remained the province of large government agencies and government-funded institutions. The production runs of supercomputers were small, and their export was carefully controlled, since they were used in critical nuclear weapons research. They were also a source of national pride, symbolic of technical leadership.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">So when the US National Science Foundation (NSF) decided in 1996 to buy a Japanese-made NEC supercomputer for its Colorado weather-research center, the decision was seen as another nail in the coffin of US technological greatness. Antidumping legislation was brought to bear against the importation of Japanese supercomputers, which were and still are based on improvements on vector processing.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">But within two years of the NSF's decision, the supercomputing landscape changed. The antidumping decision was revoked. And the ban on exporting supercomputers to nuclear-capable nations was also partially rescinded. What had happened?</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">For one thing, microprocessor speeds found on desktops had overtaken the computing power of yesteryear's supercomputers. Video games were using the kind of processing power that had previously been available only in government laboratories. The first Bush administration defined supercomputers as being able to perform more than 195 million theoretical operations per second (MTOPS). By 1997, ordinary microprocessors were capable of over 450 MTOPS.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Technologists began building distributed and massively parallel supercomputers and were able to tackle the operating system and software problems that had deterred Seymour Cray from multiprocessing 40 years before. Peripheral speeds had increased so that I/O was no longer a bottleneck. High-speed communications made distributed and parallel designs possible.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">As a result, vector processing technology may be in eclipse. NEC produced the Earth Simulator in 2002, which uses 5,104 processors and vector technology. According to the Top500 list of supercomputers (www.top500.org), the Simulator achieves 35.86 TFLOPS. IBM's Blue Gene/L, the current leader, is expected to achieve about 200 TFLOPS. It consumes 15 times less power per computation and is about 50 times smaller than previous supercomputers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">As detailed on the Top500 site, the trend in supercomputers is toward clusters of scalar processors running Linux and leveraging the power of off-the-shelf microprocessors, open-source operating systems and 50 years of experience with the middleware needed to pull these elements together.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-65156651366851003312013-05-18T00:26:00.002-07:002013-05-18T00:26:33.067-07:00Flying Cars<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>FLYING CARS:</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Just a decade and a half after the Wright Brothers took off in their airplane over the plains of Kitty Hawk, N.C., in 1903, other pioneering men began chasing the dream of a flying car. There was even one attempt in the 18th century to develop a gliding horse cart, which, to no great surprise, failed. There are nearly 80 patents on file at the United States Patent and Trademark Office for various kinds of flying cars. Some of these have actually flown. Most have not. And all have come up short of reaching the goal of the mass-produced flying car. Here's a look back at a few of the flying cars that distinguished themselves from the pack:</span></div>
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<li style="list-style: disc inside; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Curtiss Autoplane</strong> - In 1917, Glenn Curtiss, who could be called the father of the flying car, unveiled the first attempt at such a vehicle. His aluminum Autoplane sported three wings that spanned 40 feet (12.2 meters). The car's motor drove a four-bladed propeller at the rear of the car. The Autoplane never truly flew, but it did manage a few short hops.</span></li>
<li style="list-style: disc inside; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Arrowbile</strong> - Developed by Waldo Waterman in 1937, the Arrowbile was a hybrid Studebaker-aircraft. Like the Autoplane, it too had a propeller attached to the rear of the vehicle. The three-wheeled car was powered by a typical 100-horsepower Studebaker engine. The wings detached for storage. A lack of funding killed the project.</span></li>
<li style="list-style: disc inside; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Airphibian</strong> - Robert Fulton, who was a distant relative of the steam engine inventor, developed theAirphibian in 1946. Instead of adapting a car for flying, Fulton adapted a plane for the road. The wings and tail section of the plane could be removed to accommodate road travel, and the propeller could be stored inside the plane's fuselage. It took only five minutes to convert the plane into a car. The Airphibian was the first flying car to be certified by the Civil Aeronautics Administration, the predecessor of the the <strong style="font-style: inherit;">Federal Aviation Administration</strong> (FAA). It had a 150-horsepower, six-cylinder engine and could fly 120 miles per hour and drive at 50 mph. Despite his success, Fulton couldn't find a reliable financial backer for the Airphibian.</span></li>
<li style="list-style: disc inside; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="font-style: inherit;">ConvAirCar</strong> - In the 1940s, Consolidated-Vultee developed a two-door sedan equipped with a detachable airplane unit. The ConvAirCar debuted in 1947, and offered one hour of flight and a gas mileage of 45 miles (72 kilometers) per gallon. Plans to market the car ended when it crashed on its third flight.</span></li>
<li style="list-style: disc inside; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Avrocar</strong> - The first flying car designed for military use was the Avrocar, developed in a joint effort between Canadian and British military. The flying-saucer-like vehicle was supposed to be a lightweight air carrier that would move troops to the battlefield.</span></li>
<li style="list-style: disc inside; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Aerocar</strong> - Inspired by the Airphibian and Robert Fulton, whom he had met years before, Moulton "Molt" Taylor created perhaps the most well-known and most successful flying car to date. The Aerocar was designed to drive, fly and then drive again without interruption. Taylor covered his car with a fiberglass shell. A 10-foot-long (3-meter) drive shaft connected the engine to a pusher propeller. It cruised at 120 mph (193 kph) in the air and was the second and last roadable aircraft to receive FAA approval. In 1970, Ford Motor Co. even considered marketing the vehicle, but the decade's oil crisis dashed those plans</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">These pioneers never managed to develop a viable flying car, and some even died testing their inventions. However, they proved that a car could be built to fly, and inspired a new group of roadable aircraft enthusiasts. With advances in lightweight material, computer modeling and computer-controlled aircraft, the dream is very close to becoming reality. In the next section, we will look at the flying cars being developed today that eventually could be in our garages.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-58192637597148026812013-05-18T00:20:00.000-07:002013-05-18T00:20:10.523-07:00Aeronautical Engineering<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Aeronautical engineering:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The roots of aeronautical engineering can be traced to the early days of mechanical engineering, to inventors’ concepts, and to the initial studies of aerodynamics, a branch of theoretical physics. The earliest sketches of flight vehicles were drawn by Leonardo da Vinci, who suggested two ideas for sustentation. The first was an ornithopter, a flying machine using flapping wings to imitate the flight of birds. The second idea was an aerial screw, the predecessor of the helicopter. Manned flight was first achieved in 1783, in a hot-air balloon designed by the French brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier. Aerodynamics became a factor in balloon flight when a propulsion system was considered for forward movement. Benjamin Franklin was one of the first to propose such an idea, which led to the development of the dirigible. The power-driven balloon was invented by Henri Gifford, a Frenchman, in 1852. The invention of lighter-than-air vehicles occurred independently of the development of aircraft. The breakthrough in aircraft development came in 1799 when Sir George Cayley, an English baron, drew an airplane incorporating a fixed wing for lift, an empennage (consisting of horizontal and vertical tail surfaces for stability and control), and a separate propulsion system. Because engine development was virtually nonexistent, Cayley turned to gliders, building the first successful one in 1849. Gliding flights established a data base for aerodynamics and aircraft design. Otto Lilienthal, a German scientist, recorded more than 2,000 glides in a five-year period, beginning in 1891. Lilienthal’s work was followed by the American aeronaut Octave Chanute, a friend of the American brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, the fathers of modern manned flight.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Following the first sustained flight of a heavier-than-air vehicle in 1903, the Wright brothers refined their design, eventually selling airplanes to the U.S. Army. The first major impetus to aircraft development occurred during World War I, when aircraft were designed and constructed for specific military missions, including fighter attack, bombing, and reconnaissance. The end of the war marked the decline of military high-technology aircraft and the rise of civil air transportation. Many advances in the civil sector were due to technologies gained in developing military and racing aircraft. A successful military design that found many civil applications was the U.S. Navy Curtiss NC-4 flying boat, powered by four 400-horsepower V-12 Liberty engines. It was the British, however, who paved the way in civil aviation in 1920 with a 12-passenger Handley-Page transport. Aviation boomed after Charles A. Lindbergh’s solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Advances in metallurgy led to improved strength-to-weight ratios and, coupled with a monocoque design, enabled aircraft to fly farther and faster. Hugo Junkers, a German, built the first all-metal monoplane in 1910, but the design was not accepted until 1933, when the Boeing 247-D entered service. The twin-engine design of the latter established the foundation of modern air transport.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The advent of the turbine-powered airplane dramatically changed the air transportation industry. Germany and Britain were concurrently developing the jet engine, but it was a German Heinkel He 178 that made the first jet flight on Aug. 27, 1939. Even though World War II accelerated the growth of the airplane, the jet aircraft was not introduced into service until 1944, when the British Gloster Meteor became operational, shortly followed by the German Me 262. The first practical American jet was the Lockheed F-80, which entered service in 1945.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">PEOPLE</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">TOPICS</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (president of India)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Alexander M. Lippisch (German-American aerodynamicist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">B.J. Habibie (president of Indonesia)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Ben R. Rich (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Bruce McCandless (American naval aviator and astronaut)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Burt Rutan (American aircraft and spacecraft designer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Charles Lanier Lawrance (American aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Charles Stark Draper (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Daniel Saul Goldin (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Eugen Sänger (Austrian engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">George Michael Low (Austrian-born American aerospace engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Georgy Ivanov (Bulgarian cosmonaut)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hermann Oberth (German scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hugo Eckener (German aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Igor Sikorsky (Russian-American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Jean-Felix Piccard (American chemical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Jerome C. Hunsaker (American aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Juan de la Cierva (Spanish engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Kelly Johnson (American aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (Soviet scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Lawrence Hargrave (British aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Marcel Dassault (French industrialist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Max Faget (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Michael Griffin (American aerospace engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Octave Chanute (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Otto Lilienthal (German aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Paul Cornu (French engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Percy Sinclair Pilcher (British engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Qian Xuesen (Chinese scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Robert C. Seamans, Jr. (American aeronautical engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Robert Hutchings Goddard (American scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Samuel Kurtz Hoffman (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Samuel Pierpont Langley (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov (Soviet scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin (Soviet aircraft designer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sir Barnes Wallis (British military engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Theodore von Kármán (American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Soviet scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey (Soviet scientist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Walter Robert Dornberger (German engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wernher von Braun (German-born American engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">William Hayward Pickering (American engineer and physicist)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Willy Messerschmitt (German engineer)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Commercial aircraft after World War II continued to use the more economical propeller method of propulsion. The efficiency of the jet engine was increased, and in 1949 the British de Havilland Comet inaugurated commercial jet transport flight. The Comet, however, experienced structural failures that curtailed the service, and it was not until 1958 that the highly successful Boeing 707 jet transport began nonstop transatlantic flights. While civil aircraft designs utilize most new technological advancements, the transport and general aviation configurations have changed only slightly since 1960. Because of escalating fuel and hardware prices, the development of civil aircraft has been dominated by the need for economical operation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Technological improvements in propulsion, materials, avionics, and stability and controls have enabled aircraft to grow in size, carrying more cargo faster and over longer distances. While aircraft are becoming safer and more efficient, they are also now very complex. Today’s commercial aircraft are among the most sophisticated engineering achievements of the day.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Smaller, more fuel-efficient airliners are being developed. The use of turbine engines in light general aviation and commuter aircraft is being explored, along with more efficient propulsion systems, such as the propfan concept. Using satellite communication signals, onboard microcomputers can provide more accurate vehicle navigation and collision-avoidance systems. Digital electronics coupled with servo mechanisms can increase efficiency by providing active stability augmentation of control systems. New composite materials providing greater weight reduction; inexpensive one-man, lightweight, noncertified aircraft, referred to as ultralights; and alternate fuels such as ethanol, methanol, synthetic fuel from shale deposits and coal, and liquid hydrogen are all being explored. Aircraft designed for vertical and short takeoff and landing, which can land on runways one-tenth the normal length, are being developed. Hybrid vehicles such as the Bell XV-15 tilt-rotor already combine the vertical and hover capabilities of the helicopter with the speed and efficiency of the airplane. Although environmental restrictions and high operating costs have limited the success of the supersonic civil transport, the appeal of reduced traveling time justifies the examination of a second generation of supersonic aircraft.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-11603417151568251402013-05-16T09:44:00.000-07:002013-05-16T09:44:15.663-07:00Gasoline<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">The First Oil Well Was Dug Just Before the Civil War</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Edwin Drake dug the first oil well in 1859 and distilled the petroleum to produce kerosene for lighting. Drake had no use for the gasoline or other products, so he discarded them. It wasn't until 1892 with the invention of the automobile that gasoline was recognized as a valuable fuel. By 1920, there were 9 million vehicles on the road powered by gasoline, and service stations were popping up everywhere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Field of Dozens of Oil Wells Just Offshore, at Summerland, California (Santa Barbara County) in 1915</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Photograph of a Field of Dozens of Oil Wells Just Offshore, at Summerland, California (Santa Barbara County) in 1915" src="http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/images/stock/800px-Oil_wells_just_offshore_at_Summerland,_California,_c.1915.jpg" width="265" /></span><div class="image-caption" style="max-width: 265px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Higher Octane and Lead Levels</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">By the 1950s, cars were becoming bigger and faster. Octane levels increased and so did lead levels; lead was added to gasoline to improve engine performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leaded Gasoline Was Taken Off the U.S. Market</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Unleaded gasoline was introduced in the 1970s, when the health problems from lead became apparent. In the United States, leaded gasoline was completely phased out in the 1980s, but it is still being used in some parts of the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Read more about the history of environmental laws that affect gasoline.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-3315408801238159952013-05-16T09:36:00.001-07:002013-05-16T09:36:18.953-07:00Generators<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Today, everybody is familiar with electricity. Let's say, almost everybody uses electricity as a ready-for-use energy that is provided in a clean way. This is the result of long research and engineering work which can be traced back for centuries. The first generators of electricity were not electrodynamic as today's machines, but they were based on electrostatic principles. Long before electrodynamic generators were invented, electrostatic machines and devices had their place in science. Due to their principle of operation, electrostatic generators produce high voltage, but low currents. The output is always a unipolar static voltage. Depending from the used materials, it may be positve or negative.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Friction is the key of the operation! Although most mechanical energy needed to power an electrostatic generator is converted into heat, a fraction of the work (not a fraction of friction - got the point?) is used to generate electric potential by splitting charges.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Beginnings</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In ancient greece, the amber was known to attract little objects after being rubbed with cloth or fur. From the Greek expression elektron, the modern term <b><i>electrics</i></b>is directly derived. In 1600, William Gilbert (1544-1603) coined the expression <i><b>electrica</b></i> in his famous book De Magnete.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In ancient Greece, there was no effort to mechanize the rubbing of a piece of amber in order to get a continous effect. Although light could be observed in the dark, nobody made a connection between this and the lightning which was regarded as Zeus' weapon. The knowledge about this type of electricity remained almost unchanged until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Several antique authors like Pliny the elder or Renaissance men like Giovanni Battista della Porta describe the effect but without drawing further conclusions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Sulphur Ball</span></h3>
<img align="Left" height="99" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/guericke.gif" width="100" /><span style="font-size: large;">Otto von Guericke (1602-1686) who became famous for his Magdeburg vacuum experiments invented a first simple electrostatic generator. It was made of a sulphur ball which rotated in a wooden cradle. The ball itself was rubbed by hand. As the principles of electric conduction had not been discovered yet, von Guericke transported the charged sulphur ball to the place where the electric experiment should happen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="250" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/sulphur_ball.jpg" width="409" /><br /><small>von Guericke's first electrostatic generator around 1660</small></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Guericke made the ball by pouring molten sulphur into a hollow glass sphere. After the sulphur was cold, the glass hull was smashed and removed. Some day, a researcher found out that the empty glass sphere itself provided the same results.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Baroque Gas Discharging Lamp</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1730 scientific research has discovered the principles of electric conduction. An inspiriation for electric research came from an area which at the first glance had absoluteley nothing to contribute: the mercury barometric device invented by Evangelista Torricelli. If the mercury-filled tube was shaken and the evacuated portion of the tube was observed in the dark, a light emission could be seen. William Hauksbee, both inventive and inquisitive, designed a rotor to rub a small disk of amber in a vacuum chamber. When the chamber contained some mercury vapour, it lit up! This was the first mercury gas discharge lamp! The engravings show surprising similarities to today's lightning spheres.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="248" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/hauksbee1.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>Hauksbee's amber rotor</small></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="467" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/hauksbee2.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>Hauksbee's setup to demonstrate<br />light effects caused by static electricity.</small></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_1" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Beer Glass Generator</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Glass proved to be an ideal material for an electrostatic generator. It was cheaper than sulphur and could easily be shaped to disks or cylinders. An ordinary beer glass turned out to be a good isolating rotor in Winkler's electrostatic machine.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="404" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/beerglass.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>An electrostatic machine invented by<br />Johann Heinrich Winkler (1703-1770)</small></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Machines like these were not only made for scientific research, but a preferred toy for amusement. In the 18th century, everybody wanted to experience the electric shock. Experiments like the "electric kiss" were a salon pastime. Although the French Abbé Nollet demonstrated in 1745 that little animals like birds and fish were killed instantaneuosly by the discharge of a Leyden jar, nobody was aware of the latent dangers of this type of experiments.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="340" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/kiss.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>The electric kiss provided a very special thrill</small></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Soon after the effects of electrostatic discharge were found, researchers and charlatans started to cure diseases with electric shocks. Here we find parallels to the "Mesmerists" who claimed to use magnetic powers for therapy.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="168" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/toothache.jpg" width="200" /><br /><small>Toothache therapy around 1750<br />Being ill at that time was no fun!</small></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_2" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Leyden Jar</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1745, the so-called <b><i>Leyden Jar</i></b> (or Leyden Bottle) was invented by Ewald Jürgen von Kleist (1700-1748). Kleist searched for a way to store electric energy and had the idea to fill it into a bottle! The bottle contained water or mercury and was placed onto a metal surface with ground connection. No wonder: the device worked, but not because of the fact that electricity could be filled into bottles.One year after Kleist, the physicist Cunnaeus in Leyden/the Netherlands independently invented this bottle again. Thus the term <i><b>Leyden Jar</b></i> became more familiar, although in Germany, this device sometimes also was called <b><i>Kleist's bottle</i></b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">An intense research work began to find out which liquid is the most suitable. A few years later, researchers had learned that water is not necessary, but a metal hull inside and outside the jar was sufficient for storing electrostatic energy. Thus the first capacitors were born.</span><br />
<table align="Center" border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="Center"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="200" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/leyden1.jpg" width="129" /></span></td><td align="Center"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="200" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/leyden_battery.jpg" width="294" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="Center"><small><span style="font-size: large;">Early Leyden jars</span></small></td><td align="Center"><small><span style="font-size: large;">An advanced electrostatic battery in 1795</span></small></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Frequently, several jars were connected in order to multiply the charge. Experimenting with this type of capacitors started to become pretty dangerous. In 1783, while trying to charge a battery during a thunderstorm, Prof. Richmann was killed by unintendedly getting too close to a conductor with his head. He is the first known victim of high voltage experiments in the history of physics. Benjamin Franklin had a good deal of luck not to win this honour when performing his kite experiments.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="427" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/richmann.jpg" width="300" /></span></div>
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<small><span style="font-size: large;">St. Petersburg, 6 August 1783. Prof. Richman and his assistant being struck by lightning while charging capacitors. The assistant escaped almost unharmed, whereas Richman was dead immediately. The pathologic analysis revealed that "he only had a small hole in his forehead, a burnt left shoe and a blue spot at his foot. [...] the brain being ok, the front part of the lung sane, but the rear being brown and black of blood." The conclusion was that the electric discharge had taken its way through Richmann's body. The scientific community was shocked.</span></small></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_3" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Disk Rotor</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Generators based on disks were invented around 1800 by Winter. Their characteristic construction element is a mercury-prepared leather cushion that covers approximately one forth of the surface area. The leather cushion replaced the experimentor's hand and gave a more continous result. In 1799, first experiments of electrolysis by electrostatic energy were made. It turned out that the recently invented chemical elements caused same or better effect than many thousand electric discharges of a Leyden bottle battery. Experiments like these helped to shape the understanding of electric energy.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="319" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/early.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>An early disk generator by Winter</small></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_4" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Advanced Rotor</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Inventors found out that it is a good idea to laminate metal or cardboard sheets onto the isolating disks of electrostatic generators.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="261" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/holtz.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>The so-called influence machine by Holtz, 1865</small></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Disks for advanced generators of this type were made of glass, shellac and ebonite (hard rubber). Especially hard rubber turned out to be a very suitable material as it did not get damaged so easily than glass or shellac.</span><br />
<h3 style="color: #004040;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_5" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Wimshurst Machine</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Wimshurst machines are the end point of the long development of electrostatic disk machines. They caused very good results and were frequently used to power X-ray tubes. The characteristic construction element of these machines are disks which are laminated with radially arranged metal sheets. The advantage of disks is that they can be stacked onto one axle in order to multiply the effect.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="297" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/wimshurst.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>A Wimshurst machine around 1905.<br />The end point of a long development.</small></span></div>
<img align="Left" height="135" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/ruhmkorff.jpg" width="100" /><span style="font-size: large;">The invention of the electomagnetic inductor by Ruhmkorff in 1857 began to make the electrostatic disk machines obsolete. Today, both devices only serve as useful demonstration objects in physics lessons to show how electric charges accumulate. For technical applications, high voltages can be easier generated by electronic and electromagnetic methods.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="220" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/inductor.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>A Ruhmkorff inductor to power an X-ray tube (1910)</small></span></div>
<h3 style="color: #004040;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_6" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Van-DeGraaff Generator</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The principle of this machine is to transport voltage by the aid of a tape made of isolating flexible material e.g. rubber. Early in the development of machinery, it was observed that mechanical transmission belts gave reason for unintended high voltage production, which harmed persons or buildings by igniting parts of a workshop. The same effect caused by transporting the highly inflammable celluloid films inside the projector was the reason for more than one cinema perishing in fire.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="435" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/vande_graaff.jpg" width="300" /><br /><small>A 5 Megavolt Van-deGraaff generator</small></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The principle is based on an isolating endless tape which transports an electric charge to a conductor. Although the device can be operated without an additional electric power source, normally a DC high voltage is applied to the tape, thus considerably increasing the output voltage. Van DeGraaff generators are still in use in particle accellerator labs. The largest machines produce up to 10 million Volts.</span><br />
<h3 style="color: #004040;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/history/english/page4000.htm#top_of_page" style="color: #009090; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" alt_top="" border="0" height="32" name="top_7" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/std/gotop1.gif" width="24" /></a> The Steam Electrostatic Generator</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Wet steam which is pressed through a nozzle causes electric chargement. This was the origin of the idea to construct an electrostatic generator based on steam. Although these machines caused good results, they were difficult to maintain. As they also were expensive, comparatively few were built and have survived in museum collections.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><img height="301" src="http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/history/electric_steam.jpg" width="250" /><br /><small>A steam electrostatic generator</small></span></div>
<h3 style="color: #004040;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Electrostatic generators have their place in the history of science. They accompanied the way to understand electricity. However, their efficiency is poor, compared to the mechanical effort which is needed to produce electrical energy. In this context, I'd like to seriously warn all would-be inventors of electrostatic PMMs based on disk rotors or on the Van deGraaf principle. Machines of this type are no toy and even small devices can be dangerous if carelessly handled. As a rule of thumb, a charged Leyden jar of 1/2 liter (=1/8 gallon) volume can endanger your life!</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-48641717806583305852013-05-15T06:25:00.002-07:002013-05-15T06:25:56.051-07:00hacking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><headline style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">Hacking's History :</headline></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">From phone phreaks to Web attacks, hacking has been a part of computing for 40 years.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hacking has been around pretty much since the development of the first electronic computers. Here are some of the key events in the last four decades of hacking.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1960s</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Dawn of Hacking</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
The first computer hackers emerge at MIT. They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a model train group at the school who "hack" the electric trains, tracks, and switches to make them perform faster and differently. A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rigging skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studied and developed on campus.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1970s</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Phone Phreaks and Cap'n Crunch</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
Phone hackers (phreaks) break into regional and international phone networks to make free calls. One phreak, John Draper (aka Cap'n Crunch), learns that a toy whistle given away inside Cap'n Crunch cereal generates a 2600-hertz signal, the same high-pitched tone that accesses AT&T's long-distance switching system.</div>
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Draper builds a "blue box" that, when used in conjunction with the whistle and sounded into a phone receiver, allows phreaks to make free calls.</div>
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Shortly thereafter, <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">Esquire</composition> magazine publishes "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" with instructions for making a blue box, and wire fraud in the United States escalates. Among the perpetrators: college kids Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, future founders of Apple Computer, who launch a home industry making and selling blue boxes.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1980</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hacker Message Boards and Groups</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
Phone phreaks begin to move into the realm of computer hacking, and the first electronic bulletin board systems (BBSs) spring up.</div>
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The precursor to Usenet newsgroups and e-mail, the boards--with names such as Sherwood Forest and Catch-22--become the venue of choice for phreaks and hackers to gossip, trade tips, and share stolen computer passwords and credit card numbers.</div>
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Hacking groups begin to form. Among the first are Legion of Doom in the United States, and Chaos Computer Club in Germany.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1983</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kids' Games</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
The movie <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">War Games</composition> introduces the public to hacking, and the legend of hackers as cyberheroes (and anti-heroes) is born. The film's main character, played by Matthew Broderick, attempts to crack into a video game manufacturer's computer to play a game, but instead breaks into the military's nuclear combat simulator computer..</div>
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The computer (codenamed WOPR, a pun on the military's real system called BURGR) misinterprets the hacker's request to play Global Thermonuclear War as an enemy missile launch. The break-in throws the military into high alert, or Def Con 1 (Defense Condition 1).</div>
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The same year, authorities arrest six teenagers known as the 414 gang (after the area code to which they are traced). During a nine-day spree, the gang breaks into some 60 computers, among them computers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which helps develop nuclear weapons.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1984</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hacker 'Zines</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
The <link .external="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" url="http://www.2600.org"></link>hacker magazine <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">2600</composition> begins regular publication, followed a year later by the online 'zine <link .external="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" url="http://www.phrack.com/"></link>Phrack. The editor of <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">2600</composition>, "Emmanuel Goldstein" (whose real name is Eric Corley), takes his handle from the main character in George Orwell's <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">1984</composition>. Both publications provide tips for would-be hackers and phone phreaks, as well as commentary on the hacker issues of the day. Today, copies of <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">2600</composition> are sold at most large retail bookstores.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1986</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Use a Computer, Go to Jail</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
In the wake of an increasing number of break-ins to government and corporate computers, Congress passes the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which makes it a crime to break into computer systems. The law, however, does not cover juveniles.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1988</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Morris Worm</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
Robert T. Morris, Jr., a graduate student at Cornell University and son of a chief scientist at a division of the National Security Agency, launches a self-replicating worm on the government's ARPAnet (precursor to the Internet) to test its effect on UNIX systems.</div>
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The worm gets out of hand and spreads to some 6000 networked computers, clogging government and university systems. Morris is dismissed from Cornell, sentenced to three years' probation, and fined $10,000.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1989</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Germans and the KGB</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
In the first cyberespionage case to make international headlines, hackers in West Germany (loosely affiliated with the Chaos Computer Club) are arrested for breaking into U.S. government and corporate computers and selling operating-system source code to the Soviet KGB.</div>
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Three of them are turned in by two fellow hacker spies, and a fourth suspected hacker commits suicide when his possible role in the plan is publicized. Because the information stolen is not classified, the hackers are fined and sentenced to probation.</div>
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In a separate incident, a hacker is arrested who calls himself The Mentor. He publishes a now-famous <link .external="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" url="http://www.phrack.com/search.phtml?view&article=p7-3"></link>treatise that comes to be known as the <composition style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hacker's Manifesto.</composition> The piece, a defense of hacker antics, begins, "My crime is that of curiosity ... I am a hacker, and this is my manifesto. You may stop this individual, but you can't stop us all."</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1990</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Operation Sundevil</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
After a prolonged sting investigation, Secret Service agents swoop down on hackers in 14 U.S. cities, conducting early-morning raids and arrests.</div>
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The arrests involve organizers and prominent members of BBSs and are aimed at cracking down on credit-card theft and telephone and wire fraud. The result is a breakdown in the hacking community, with members informing on each other in exchange for immunity.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1993</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Why Buy a Car When You Can Hack One?</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
During radio station call-in contests, hacker-fugitive Kevin Poulsen and two friends rig the stations' phone systems to let only their calls through, and "win" two Porsches, vacation trips, and $20,000.</div>
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Poulsen, already wanted for breaking into phone- company systems, serves five years in prison for computer and wire fraud. (Since his release in 1996, he has worked as a freelance journalist covering computer crime.)</div>
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The first Def Con hacking conference takes place in Las Vegas. The conference is meant to be a one-time party to say good-bye to BBSs (now replaced by the Web), but the gathering is so popular it becomes an annual event.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1994</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hacking Tools R Us</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
The Internet begins to take off as a new browser, Netscape Navigator, makes information on the Web more accessible. Hackers take to the new venue quickly, moving all their how-to information and hacking programs from the old BBSs to new hacker Web sites.</div>
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As information and easy-to-use tools become available to anyone with Net access, the face of hacking begins to change.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1995</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Mitnick Takedown</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
Serial cybertrespasser Kevin Mitnick is captured by federal agents and charged with stealing 20,000 credit card numbers. He's kept in prison for four years without a trial and becomes a cause célèbre in the hacking underground.</div>
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After pleading guilty to seven charges at his trial in March 1999, he's eventually sentenced to little more than time he had already served while he wait for a trial.</div>
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Russian <link .internal="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" url="/features/article/1,aid,44370,00.asp"></link>crackers siphon $10 million from Citibank and transfer the money to bank accounts around the world. Vladimir Levin, the 30-year-old ringleader, uses his work laptop after hours to transfer the funds to accounts in Finland and Israel.</div>
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Levin stands trial in the United States and is sentenced to three years in prison. Authorities recover all but $400,000 of the stolen money.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1997</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hacking AOL</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
AOHell is released, a freeware application that allows a burgeoning community of unskilled hackers--or script kiddies--to wreak havoc on America Online. For days, hundreds of thousands of AOL users find their mailboxes flooded with multi-megabyte mail bombs and their chat rooms disrupted with spam messages.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1998</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Cult of Hacking and the Israeli Connection</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
The hacking group Cult of the Dead Cow releases its Trojan horse program, <link .internal="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" url="/features/article/1,aid,44370,00.asp"></link>Back Orifice--a powerful hacking tool--at Def Con. Once a hacker installs the Trojan horse on a machine running Windows 95 or Windows 98, the program allows unauthorized remote access of the machine.</div>
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During heightened tensions in the Persian Gulf, hackers touch off a string of break-ins to unclassified Pentagon computers and steal software programs. Then-U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary John Hamre calls it "the most organized and systematic attack" on U.S. military systems to date.</div>
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An investigation points to two American teens. A 19-year-old Israeli hacker who calls himself The Analyzer (aka Ehud Tenebaum) is eventually identified as their ringleader and arrested. Today Tenebaum is chief technology officer of a computer consulting firm.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">1999</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Software Security Goes Mainstream</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
In the wake of Microsoft's Windows 98 release, 1999 becomes a banner year for security (and hacking). Hundreds of advisories and patches are released in response to newfound (and widely publicized) bugs in Windows and other commercial software products. A host of security software vendors release anti-hacking products for use on home computers.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">2000</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">Service Denied</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
In one of the biggest denial-of-service attacks to date, hackers launch attacks against eBay, Yahoo, Amazon, and others.</div>
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Activists in Pakistan and the Middle East deface Web sites belonging to the Indian and Israeli governments to protest oppression in Kashmir and Palestine.</div>
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Hackers break into Microsoft's corporate network and access source code for the latest versions of Windows and Office.</div>
<subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">2001</subhead><subhead style="box-sizing: border-box;">DNS Attack</subhead><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 0.7em;">
Microsoft becomes the prominent victim of a new type of hack that attacks the domain name server. In these denial-of-service attacks, the DNS paths that take users to Microsoft's Web sites are corrupted. The hack is detected within a few hours, but prevents millions of users from reaching Microsoft Web pages for two days.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-80825204921352285832013-05-13T08:58:00.002-07:002013-05-13T08:58:21.447-07:00Drones<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<em style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">"[Drones are a] game-changing technology, akin to gunpowder, the steam engine, the atomic bomb -- opening up possibilities that were fiction a generation earlier but also opening up perils that were unknown a generation ago." -- Peter Singer, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">America will never be a "no drone zone."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">That must be acknowledged from the outset. There is too much money to be made on drones, for one, andtoo many special interest groups -- from the defense sector to law enforcement to the so-called "research" groups that are in it for purely "academic" reasons -- who have a vested interest in ensuring that drones are here to stay.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At one time, there was a small glimmer of hope that these aerial threats to privacy would not come home to roost, but that all ended when Barack Obama took office and made drones the cornerstone of his war efforts. By the time President Obama signed the FAA Reauthorization Act into law in 2012, there was no turning back. The FAA opened the door for drones, once confined to the battlefields over Iraq and Afghanistan, to be used domestically for a wide range of functions, both public and private, governmental and corporate. It is expected that at least 30,000 drones will occupy U.S. airspace by 2020, ushering in a $30 billion per year industry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Those looking to the skies in search of Predator drones will be in for a surprise, however, because when the drones finally descend en masse on America, they will not be the massive aerial assault vehicles favored by the Obama administration in their overseas war efforts. Rather, the drones coming to a neighborhood near you will be small, some nano in size, capable of flying through city streets and buildings almost undetected, while hovering over cityscapes and public events for long periods of time, providing a means of 24/7 surveillance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">One type of drone sensor, the Gorgon Stare, can keep track of an area 2.5 miles across from 12 different angles. Another sensor system, ARGUS, can find an object that is only 6 <em style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">inches</em> long, from 20,000 feet up in the air. A drone equipped with this kind of technology could spy on an entire city at once. For example, police in California are about to begin using Qube drones, which are capable of hovering for 40 minutes at heights of about 400 ft. to conduct surveillance on targets as far as one kilometer away. Michael Downing, the LAPD deputy chief for counter-terrorism and special operations, envisions drones being flown over large-scale media events such as the Oscars, using them to surveil political protests, and flying them through buildings to track criminal suspects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">These micro-drones will be the face of surveillance and crowd control in the coming drone age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Modeled after birds, insects, and other small animals, these small airborne surveillance devices can remain hidden in plain view while navigating spaces off limits to conventional aircraft. Able to take off and land anywhere, able to maneuver through city streets and hallways, and able to stop and turn on a dime, these micro-drones will still pack a lethal punch, equipped with an array of weapons and sensors, including tasers, bean-bag guns, "high-resolution video cameras, infrared sensors, license plate readers, [and] listening devices."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can rest assured, given the pace of technology and the fervor of the drone industry (and its investors), that the sky is the limit when it comes to the many uses (and abuses) for drones in America. The following is just a small sampling of what will be descending from the skies in the near future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cyborg drones.</strong> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has begun to develop a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) for the manipulation of insects into "cyborgs." Through genetic engineering, they are aiming to control the movement of insects and utilize them for surveillance purposes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dragonfly drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> First reportedly spotted in 2007 hovering over protesters at an anti-war rallyin Washington, DC, it turns out that the government's dragonfly drones are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to small aerial surveillance devices designed to mimic nature. Just a year later, the U.S. Air Force "unveiled insect-sized spies 'as tiny as bumblebees' that could not be detected and would be able to fly into buildings to 'photograph, record, and even attack insurgents and terrorists.'"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Hummingbird drone</strong></span><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: x-large; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Shaped like a bird, the "Nano Hummingbird" drone is negligibly larger than an actual hummingbird and fits in the palm of one's hand. It</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">flits around effortlessly</span><span style="font-size: large;">, blending in with its surroundings. DARPA, the advanced research division of the Department of Defense, gets the credit for this biotic wonder.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nano Quadrators.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Similar to the hummingbird drone, these small, four-propellered nano quadrator drones, developed by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, operate based upon the flight dynamics of insects, enabling them to operate as a swarm. Using 20 drones, researchers demonstrated how, moving compactly as a unit, the drones were able to navigate obstacles, form complex patterns, and even execute a fluid figure eight arrangement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Black Hornet Nano drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Weighing in at roughly half an ounce and four inches long, comparable to a finch, the Black Hornet Nano helicopter drone was designed to capture and relay video and still images to remote users, and can fly even in windy conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">DASH Roachbot drone.</strong> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Developed at UC Berkeley's PolyPEDAL Lab, DASH, a 1</span><span style="font-size: large;">0-centimeter long, 16-gram Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod strives to mimic a cockroach's speed and ability to remain covert and a gecko's speed and agility. Trained to perform "rapid inversion" maneuvers that include dashing up to a ledge and then swinging itself around to end up underneath the ledge and upside-down, DASH is being trained to make</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">rapid transitions between running and climbing</span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Samarai drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Lockheed Martin's compact "Samarai" drone, inspired by the design of a maple seed, is capable of high speeds, low battery consumption, vertical movement, and swift ground deployment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MicroBat drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Additionally, CIT Group, Aerovironment, and UCLA have produced a "MicroBat" ornithopter; it was designed in part by zoologists who have attempted to make the MicroBat mimic the movement of birds and other flying animals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Spy-butterfly drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> In 2012, Israel unveiled its new insect-inspired drone which they dubbed the "spy-butterfly" because of its two sizable wings. Weighing in at only 20g, this drone was developed for indoor surveillance, including public places such as "train stations and airport terminals -- or office buildings." The size and muted sound of the "virtually noiseless" machines makes them unnoticeable and therefore ideal for intelligence gathering. The spy-butterfly is so realistic that, when tested, "birds and flies tended to fall behind the device arranging into a flock."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Switchblade drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> A more sinister example is the Switchblade, a small military drone intended to act as a kamikaze weapon. Weighing in at a mere six pounds and two feet in length, it flies effortlessly through urban environments before zeroing in on its target, a person, at which point itexplodes, unceremoniously killing him or her.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mosquito drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> More lethal than its real-life counterpart, the mosquito drone, while an engineering marvel, is also a privacy advocate's nightmare with its potential to land on someone and use a needle-like-pincer to extract DNA from its victims or, alternatively, inject drugs or other foreign substances. As software engineer Alan Lovejoy notes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Such a device could be controlled from a great distance and is equipped with a camera, microphone. It could land on you and then use its needle to take a DNA sample with the pain of a mosquito bite. Or it could inject a micro RFID tracking device under your skin. It could land on you and stay, so that you take it with you into your home. Or it could fly into a building through a window. There are well-funded research projects working on such devices with such capabilities.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Raven drone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Weighing in at 4 pounds, the RQ-11 Raven drone is not as small, nor is it as agile as its smaller counterparts, but with more than 19,000 out there already, it is the most common. Useful for seeing around corners and sending footage back to its handlers, the Raven resembles a rudimentary model airplane and crumbles like Legos upon landing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">With 63 active drone sites across the nation and 56 government agencies presently authorized to use drones, including 22 law enforcement agencies and 24 universities, drones are here to stay. Indeed, the cost of drones -- underwritten by a $4 million Homeland Security program whichencourages local law enforcement to adopt drone technology as quickly as possible -- makes them an easy sell for most police departments. Moreover, while manned airplanes and helicopters can cost $600/hour to operate, a drone can be put in the sky for less than $25/hour. That doesn't even begin to cover drone use by the private sector, which is already chomping at the bit at the prospect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">No matter what the future holds, however, we must ensure that Americans have a semblance of civil liberties protections against the drones. Given the courts' leniency towards police, predicating drone use on a warrant requirement would provide little to no protection. Thus, the only hope rests with Congress and state legislatures that they would adopt legislation specifically prohibiting the federal government from using data recorded via police spy drones in criminal prosecutions, as well as preventing police agencies from utilizing drones outfitted with anti-personnel devices such as tasers and tear gas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Either way, we'd better get ready. As Peter W. Singer, author of <em style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wired for War</em>, a book about military robotics, warns: "The debate over drones is like debating the merits of computers in 1979: They are here to stay, and the boom has barely begun. We are at the Wright Brothers Flier stage of this. There's no stopping this technology. Anybody who thinks they can put this genie back in the box -- that's silliness."</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-74832219469365146572013-05-13T03:45:00.004-07:002013-05-13T03:45:47.452-07:00Transatomic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Transatomic,an MIT spinoff, is developing a nuclear reactor that it estimates will cut the overall cost of a nuclear power plant in half. It’s an updated molten-salt reactor, a type that’s highly resistant to meltdowns. Molten-salt reactors were demonstrated in the 1960s at Oak Ridge National Lab, where one test reactor ran for six years, but the technology hasn’t been used commercially.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The new reactor design, which so far exists only on paper, produces 20 times as much power for its size as Oak Ridge’s technology. That means relatively small, yet powerful, reactors could be built less expensively in factories and shipped by rail instead of being built on site like conventional ones. Transatomic also modified the original molten-salt design to allow it to run on nuclear waste.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">High costs, together with concerns about safety and waste disposal, have largely stalled construction of new nuclear plants in the United States and elsewhere (though construction continues in some countries, including China). Japan and Germany even shut down existing plants after the Fukushima accident two years ago (see “Japan’s Economic Troubles Spur a Return to Nuclear” and “Small Nukes Get Boost”). Several companies are trying to address the cost issue by developing small modular reactors that can be built in factories. But these are typically limited to producing 200 megawatts of power, whereas conventional reactors produce more than 1,000 megawatts.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Transatomic says it can split the difference, building a 500-megawatt power plant that achieves some of the cost savings associated with the smaller reactor designs. It estimates that it can build a plant based on such a reactor for $1.7 billion, roughly half the cost per megawatt of current plants. The company has raised $1 million in seed funding, including some from Ray Rothrock, a partner at the VC firm Venrock. Although its cofounders, Mark Massie and Leslie Dewan, are still PhD candidates at MIT, the design has attracted some top advisors, including Regis Matzie, the former CTO of the major nuclear power plant supplier Westinghouse Electric, and Richard Lester, the head of the nuclear engineering department at MIT.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The new reactor is expected to save money not only because it can be built in a factory rather than on site but also because it adds safety features—which could reduce the amount of steel and concrete needed to guard against accidents—and because it runs at atmospheric pressure rather than the high pressures required in conventional reactors.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A conventional nuclear power plant is cooled by water, which boils at a temperature far below the 2,000 °C at the core of a fuel pellet. Even after the reactor is shut down, it must be continuously cooled by pumping in water. The inability to do that is what caused the problems at Fukushima: hydrogen explosions, releases of radiation, and finally meltdown.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Using molten salt as the coolant solves some of these problems. The salt, which is mixed in with the fuel, has a boiling point significantly higher than the temperature of the fuel. The reactor has a built-in thermostat—if it starts to heat up, the salt expands, spreading out the fuel and slowing the reactions. That gives the mixture a chance to cool off. In the event of a power outage, a stopper at the bottom of the reactor melts and the fuel and salt flow into a holding tank, where the fuel spreads out enough for the reactions to stop. The salt then cools and solidifies, encapsulating the radioactive materials. “It’s walk-away safe,” says Dewan, the company’s chief science officer. “If you lose electricity, even if there are no operators on site to pull levers, it will coast to a stop.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The new design improves on the original molten-salt reactor by changing the internal geometry and using different materials. Transatomic is keeping many of the design details to itself, but one change involves eliminating the graphite that made up 90 percent of the volume of the Oak Ridge reactor. The company has also modified conditions in the reactor to produce faster neutrons, which makes it possible to burn most of the material that is ordinarily discarded as waste. A conventional reactor produces about 20 metric tons of high-level waste a year, and that material needs to be stored for 100,000 years. The 500-megawatt Transatomic reactor will produce only four kilograms of such waste a year, along with 250 kilograms of waste that has to be stored for a few hundred years.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Bringing the new reactor to market will be challenging. Although the basic idea of a molten-salt reactor has been demonstrated, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s certification process is set up around light-water reactors. The company will need the NRC to establish new regulations, especially since the commission must sign off on the idea of using less steel and concrete if the design’s safety features are to lead to real savings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">NRC spokesman Scott Burnell says that the commission is aware of Transatomic’s concept but that designs haven’t been submitted for review yet. He says that for the next few years, the NRC will be focused on certifying more conventional designs for small modular reactors. He says the certification process for Transatomic will take at least five years once the company submits a detailed design, with additional review needed specifically for issues related to fuel and waste management.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A detailed engineering design itself may be years away. The company’s next step is raising $5 million to run five experiments to help validate the basic design. Russ Wilcox, Transatomic’s CEO and the former CEO of E Ink, estimates that it will take eight years to build a prototype reactor—at a cost of $200 million. He says that’s less time than it took investors to get a return on E Ink, which was acquired for $450 million 13 years after the first investments in the company.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Even though it could take well over a decade for investors to get a return, venture funding isn’t out of the question, Ray Rothrock says. But he says the company will face many challenges. “The technology doesn’t bother me in the least,” he says. “I have confidence in the people. I wish someone would build this thing, because I think it would work. It’s all the other factors that make it daunting.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The company’s biggest challenge might come from China, which is investing $350 million over five years to develop molten-salt reactors of its own. It plans to build a two-megawatt test reactor by 2020. </span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-10204884562227890172013-05-11T23:11:00.002-07:002013-05-11T23:11:42.031-07:00Dell 7" Android OS-Based Tablet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Dell Looking Glass Tablet with Google Android OS" src="http://www.tabletpcreview.com/assets/5936.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The centerpiece of this slate-shaped model will allegedly be a 7-inch, WVGA (800 x 480) capacitive touchscreen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Dell's leaked product description emphasizes playing movies and TV on the large screen, including Flash video. An option digital TV module will be available, too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Looking Glass will have 4 GB of built-in capacity and an SD card slot potentially adding 32 GB more storage for movies and music.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It will also include a front-facing 1.3 megapixel camera for video conferencing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Android Inside</b><br />The Looking Glass will run Android OS 2.1 on an nVidia Tegra T20 processor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It will come with the usual suite of apps, such as the standard highly-capable web browser and email software.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">For Internet access, the tablet will supposedly include Wi-Fi (802.11b/g/n) and HSPA 3G cellular-wireless data.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Other features on the leaked spec list are Bluetooth 3.0, 2100 mAh battery, GPS, a USB-based docking port, accelerometer and compass.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Coming this Fall</b>Dell's 7-inch tablet will supposedly debut in November.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Pricing remains unknown, aside from a note on the specifications list that it is going to be "affordable."</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-85381361274599297952013-05-11T10:19:00.003-07:002013-05-11T10:19:51.605-07:00Water Fuelled Car <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">“Many people do not realize that when you run a car or truck on gasoline of diesel fuel, you are actually running it on hydrogen. And all we are doing is using the hydrogen from water. And under the National Bureau of Standards figures shows that when you use water, the energy release is roughly two and a half times more powerful then that of gasoline. So water is a very powerful fuel.” Stan Meyers 1992</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hydrogen Generator & Water Car History</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The idea that water can be used as a fuel may seem shocking or impossible, but its actually been used this way for over 200 years. Below are some of the more notable inventors who have worked in the area of “water fuel”:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1800 – William Nicholson:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Discovered electrolysis of water after building a battery and placing the lead wires in water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1806 – Isaac de Rivaz:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Invented the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and powered it with Hydrogen and Oxygen electrolyzed from water. In 1807, he continued on to build a simple automobile powered by his new engine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1820 – Reverend William Cecil:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Built an ICE fueled by Hydrogen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1860 – Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Built an ICE car that turned water into combustible Hydrogen fuel by electrolysis, as it went down the road.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1930 – Rudolf A. Erren:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">German engineer who advanced the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel in cars, trucks, buses, and submarines. Erren developed a new fuel injection system that allowed the hydrogen to be fed directly into the cylinder, thereby eliminating the carburetor, which was poorly suited to inject a gaseous fuel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1932 – Henry “Dad” Garrett:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The first to develop a carburetor for the on-demand production of hydrogen and oxygen from water! His invention was patented, demonstrated in public, and described in the newspaper. Then it disappeared.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1960′s – Edward Estevel:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Developed a classic ‘water to auto engine’ system in the late 1960′s extracting the hydrogen out of water to use as fuel. This system was highly heralded, then sank among other such “high hope” hydrogen systems amid rumors of foul play.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1970 – Daniel Dingle:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Former employee of NASA, has developed a car that uses plain tap water and/or sea water for fuel. The technology utilizes a mini-reactor in the car that splits the water molecule into hydrogen & oxygen, with hydrogen being burned off as fuel. The emission released out of the exhaust is clean pure water vapor or water – absolutely no pollution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1974 – Francisco Pacheco:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Inventor from Bolivia created the “Pacheco Bi-Polar Auto electric Hydrogen Generator” (US PAT #5,089,107) which separates hydrogen from seawater. He has built successful prototypes that have fueled a car, a motorcycle, a lawn mower, a torch, a boat, and most recently in 1990 he energized an entire home in West Milford. He made history on July 17th, 1974 when a 26 foot power boat ran for nine hours using the Pacheco Generator and seawater for fuel, putting back into the oceans its waste, only clean water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1970′s – Archie Blue:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">An inventor who wanted to find a way to provide heat or cooking fuel for a camper by converting water into hydrogen and oxygen. He ended up with a device that produced enough gas to run a motor vehicle, using a 12V air pump to force air through his electrolyzer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1970′s – Andrija Puharich:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Dr. Andrija Puharich reportedly drove his motor home for hundreds of thousands of miles around North America in the 1970s using only water as fuel. At a mountain pass in Mexico, he collected snow for water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1976 – Rodger Billings:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Headed a group of inventors that developed a system converting ordinary cars to run on Hydrogen. Instead of using heavy hydrogen tanks, he used metal alloys called Hydrides, to store vast amounts of hydrogen. When hot exhaust gases passed through these Hydride containers it released the gas to burn in the standard engines. Billings estimated the conversion would cost around $500 and greatly improve fuel consumption.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1976 – Sam Leslie Leach:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Developed Sam Leach’s Box. A mysterious stainless-steel case, about the size of a steamer trunk, equipped on the outside with six dials and a gas jet, which the inventor claims will do nothing less than produce combustible hydrogen from tap water – without any continous source of outside energy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1978 – Yull Brown:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Developed a method of extracting hydrogen from water in 1978 and utilizing it as a car fuel and fuel for cutting steel and brazing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1978 – Robert M. Zweig, M.D:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Physician who, because of his first-hand knowledge of the impact of air pollution on his patients, dedicated himself to eradicating smog and pursuing clean air alternatives to improve air quality.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1978 – Dr. Ruggero Santilli:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Physicist claims to have developed novel fuels, named MagneGas and MagneHydrogen: these names are trademarks of Hadronic Press. They are produced by plasma arc gasification of liquid waste. Santilli claims that these fuels are composed of magnecules. These hypothetical magnecules are a type of chemical species theoretically proposed by Santilli, distinguished from better-known species by containing a novel type of bond called a “magnecular bond”, which he claims consists of atoms held together by magnetic fields which arise from toroidal polarization of their electron orbitals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1978 – Steven Horvath:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Patented a fuel supply apparatus which generates hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water. It has an electrolytic cell which has a circular anode surrounded by a cathode with a porous membrane between them. The anode is fluted and the cathode is slotted to provide anode and cathode areas of substantially equal surface area. A pulsed electrical current is provided between the anode and cathode for the efficient generation of Hydrogen and Oxygen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1980 – Stan Meyer:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Developed water fuel cells, retrofitted them into automobiles and fueled the vehicles with the Hydrogen and Oxygen produced instead of gasoline. He claimed that his device required less energy to perform electrolysis than the minimum energy requirement predicted by conventional science (so-called “super electrolysis”). He developed a dune buggy which he claimed ran on just water, and would get 100 miles per gallon (of water). Meyer also claimed to have replaced the spark plugs with “injectors” to spray a fine mist of water into the engine cylinders, which he claimed were subjected to an electrical resonance. In 1996 he was sued by his investors, to whom he had sold dealerships. He died in 1998 after sipping from his drink while dining at a restaurant. An autopsy report concluded that he had died of a cerebral aneurysm, but conspiracy theorists insist that he was poisoned to suppress the technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1980 – Bob Boyce:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Electrolyzer builder and expert on series-cell design. A series-cell can either be a chain of separate, simple HHO Generators wired together, or a single device with several electrodes which form separate cells within the device.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1983 – Carl Cella:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“Rampage” rocker who built and installed a Hydrogen Generator and mounted it in the trunk of a 1979 Cadillac Coupe de Ville.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1983 – Herman P. Anderson:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Inventor who worked on the challenge of turning water into combustible fuel for a car. He built a round vertical drum electrolysis chamber out of a 3″ slice of 14″ OD PVC pipe, with a 13″ OD nickel-plated steel anode and cathode spaced 3″ apart. Using both 22 amp DC electrolysis and a pulsed, standing wave 70,000 volt corona discharge, de-ionized water with KOH (pH 12) was turned into deuterium and oxygen gas, mixed with air and micron-sized water vapor, and inducted into the engine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1990 – Joe X:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Designed the “Joe Cell”, a remarkable water “Energy Cell” that only utilizes water for a “fuel” and develops substantially more power than gasoline. It was originally designed for use in cars, but it can be used with almost any engine that normally runs on gasoline such as motorcycles, outboard marine engines, lawn mowers, portable electric generators, etc. The Energy Cell alone provides all the power that the engine needs. After an Energy Cell is installed and functioning properly, the gasoline fuel lines can be completely disconnected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1996 – Dr. Cliff Ricketts:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Professor at Middle Tennessee State University as been involved with alternative fuel research since 1978. Designed the H2 Reactor which is an electrolyzer that uses a unique process of electrolysis to create hydrogen and oxygen gases from water. After extensive technical research and development work, HyPower believes that the H2 Reactor’s electrolysis process is technologically the most efficient to date in terms of oxy-hydrogen production to an electrical input. The H2 Reactor has the potential of being approximately 2 times more efficient than the current state of the competing technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2000 – Patrick J. Kelly:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Authors and maintains several documents and websites dealing with alternative fuel and free energy technologies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2003 – Michael A. Peavey:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Wrote “Fuel From Water” which advocates hydrogen fuel as the best long-term alternative to fossil fuels and as a way to stop polluting the air and subsidizing terrorists. Shows how to generate hydrogen by electrolysis, how to convert an internal combustion engine to hydrogen, and how hydrogen can be used in home appliances.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2005 – Steve Ryan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">New Zealand inventor built a motorcycle which runs on a water-based fuel. The water is converted into a fuel by a process other than electrolysis, then poured into the fuel tank and burned by the engine. The carburetor is only slightly modified.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-46939095258801499452013-05-11T02:16:00.003-07:002013-05-11T02:16:56.684-07:00Mission To Mars<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Missions to Mars</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars has historically been unfriendly to Earth’s attempts to visit it. More missions have been attempted to Mars than to any other place in the Solar System except the Moon, and about half of the attempts have failed. Some of these failures occurred because Mars was the first planet Earth attempted to explore, and the early exploration attempts taught us many lessons that have made subsequent missions more successful. But many failures have occurred relatively recently, proving again and again that space exploration is very, very difficult. But since 1996, Mars exploration has undergone a Renaissance, with data from four orbiters and four landed missions developing a revolutionary new view of Mars as an Earth-like world with a complex geologic history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Active missions: Curiosity - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity- Mars Exploration Rover Spirit - Mars Express - 2001 Mars Odyssey</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Future missions: ExoMars - Maven - Mangalyaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Past missions: Phobos-Grunt - Yinghuo-1 - Phoenix - Mars Exploration Rover Spirit - Mars Polar Lander - Nozomi - Mars Climate Orbiter - Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner - Mars 96 - Mars Global Surveyor - Mars Observer - Phobos 2 - Phobos 1 - Viking program - Mars 4, 5, 6, & 7 - Mars 2 & 3 - Mariner 9 - Kosmos 419 - Mariner 8 - Mars 1969a &b - Mariner 6 & 7 - Zond 2 - Mariner 4 -Mariner 3- Mars 1 - Korabl 11 & 13 - Korabl 4 & 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Active Missions</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory) (MSL)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Roving Mars (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: 26 Nov 2011</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: 6 Aug 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Curiosity is the next generation of rover, building on the successes of Spirit and Opportunity. It is twice as long and three times the weight of the Mars Exploration Rovers. It landed in Gale crater.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: All Plantary.org Coverage - NSSDC - Wikipedia - JPL - UnmannedSpaceflight</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In orbit at Mars (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: August 12, 2005</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: March 10, 2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is searching for evidence of past water on Mars, using the most powerful camera and spectrometer ever sent to Mars. Its cameras are also helping in the search for landing sites for future Mars rovers and landers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: All Planetary.org Coverage - NSSDC - Wikipedia - JPL - HiRISE images - MARCI weather reports</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Currently roving across Mars (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: July 7, 2003</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Landing: January 24, 2004</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Opportunity landed in Meridiani Planum at 354.4742°E, 1.9483°S, immediately finding the hematite mineral that had been seen from space by Mars Global Surveyor. After roving more than 33 kilometers, Opportunity arrived at the 22-kilometer-diameter crater Endeavour, a target it is currently exploring.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: Planetary Society MER Updates - NSSDC - Wikipedia - JPL - UnmannedSpaceflight</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Express and Beagle 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Currently in orbit at Mars; failed lander (ESA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: June 2, 2003</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: December 26, 2003</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Five days before its arrival Mars Express successfully pushed off the tiny, 30-kilogram Beagle 2 geochemical lander. Although it had functioned successfully throughout cruise, the lander was never heard from again. Beagle 2 may have landed too hard, the victim of an unexpectedly thin atmosphere at the time of its arrival.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Express successfully entered orbit on December 26 and immediately began returning stunning, 3D, color images. Mars Express has detected surprising concentrations of methane and evidence for recent volcanism on Mars. Its radar sounder, MARSIS, was deployed late in the mission due to spacecraft safety concerns, but is functioning well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2001 Mars Odyssey</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Currently in orbit at Mars (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: April 7, 2001</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: October 24, 2001</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2001 Mars Odyssey is capturing images of the Martian surface at resolutions between those of Viking and Mars Global Surveyor, and is making both daytime and nighttime observations of the surface in thermal infrared wavelengths at resolutions higher than ever before. It has detected massive deposits of water lying below Mars’ surface in near-polar regions and widespread deposits of olivine across the planet, indicating a dry past for Mars. The MARIE instrument measured the radiation environment at Mars to determine its potential impact on human explorers, and found them to be 2 to 3 times higher than expected. 2001 Mars Odyssey also serves as a communications relay for Opportunity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: All Planetary.org Coverage - NSSDC - Wikipedia - JPL - THEMIS images</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Future Missions</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">ExoMars</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Future orbiter, lander, and rover (ESA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: 2016 and 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: ESA - Wikipedia</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">MAVEN</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Future Mars orbiter (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: between November 18, 2013 and December 7, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Arrival: September 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">MAVEN, which stands for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission, will provide first-of-its-kind measurements and address key questions about Mars climate and habitability and improve understanding of dynamic processes in the upper Martian atmosphere and ionosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: NSSDC - Wikipedia - NASA - Twitter</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mangalyaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Future Mars orbiter (ISRO)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: scheduled for November 27, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Arrival: 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Details are sketchy about India's first Mars mission. The Indian Space Science Data Centre describes it as a technology development project. Newspaper articles statethat it will carry a 24-kilogram payload of instruments in an elliptical orbit (500 by 80,000 kilometers). Another article states that it will be launched on a PSLV into Earth orbit that must slowly be pumped up to prepare for a Mars escape trajectory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Links: No ISRO web page exists. Watch nasaspaceflight.com and unmannedspaceflight.com for news updates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Past Missions</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phobos-Soil (Phobos-Grunt)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed sample return mission to Phobos (Russia)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: January 15, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phobos-Grunt's modified Fregat upper stage of failed to ignite after launch, and the spacecraft crashed into the southern Pacific ocean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Yinghuo-1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Future Mars orbiter (China)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: January 15, 2012, piggybacked on Phobos-Grunt</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Yinghuo-1 crashed with Phobos-Grunt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phoenix</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful lander (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: August 4, 2007</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: May 25, 2008</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Last communication: November 2, 2008</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phoenix landed near Mars' north pole to study the water ice found close to the surface there. Its arm dug trenches into the soil and delivered samples to sophisticated chemical analysis instruments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Exploration Rover Spirit</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Currently roving across Mars (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: June 10, 2003</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Landing: January 3, 2004</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contact lost: March 22, 2010</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Spirit landed on Mars within Gusev crater at 14.5718°S, 175.4785° E. The initial panorama showed a rock-strewn site similar to Pathfinder’s. Spirit had to rove several kilometers across Mars and into its extended mission before it found evidence for past water. It was hobbled by one stuck wheel for many years and finally became stuck in fluffy sand.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You can read a detailed history of Spirit's mission in our MER Updates section.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Polar Lander</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars lander & 2 penetrators (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: January 3, 1999</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Attempted landing: December 3, 1999</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When Mars Polar Lander arrived at Mars, it turned its antenna away from Earth to prepare for its entry into the Martian atmosphere. This was the last time controllers heard from the spacecraft. A review board determined the most likely cause for the loss of mission was a faulty software system that may have triggered the retrorockets to turn off early, causing the lander to crash. The spacecraft had carried The Planetary Society’s Mars Microphone to Mars, the first privately funded hardware provided to a planetary mission. Two microprobes, Amundsen and Scott, were piggy-backed on the lander and expected to separate just before the lander entered the atmosphere. However, no signal was ever received from the probes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Nozomi ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">also known as Planet-B</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter (ISAS)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: July 3, 1998</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars flyby: December 14, 2003</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Originally scheduled to arrive at Mars in October 1999, Nozomi failed to gain enough speed during an Earth flyby on December 21, 1998. The spacecraft also used much more fuel than predicted. A looping trajectory was developed, including two more Earth flybys, to return Nozomi to Mars for orbit insertion in December 2003. But on April 21, 2002, a powerful solar flare damaged Nozomi’s computer. As a result, Nozomi’s hydrazine fuel froze during the long interplanetary trek and mission controllers were unable to place it into orbit. Nozomi flew by Mars at a distance of 1,000 kilometers (600 miles), and is now in a 2-year orbit around the Sun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Climate Orbiter</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: December 11, 1998</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Climate Orbiter was lost on September 23, 1999, when a mathematical conversion error placed the spacecraft too close to Mars at the time of orbital insertion. Mars Climate Orbiter carried a few re-flown instruments from Mars Observer, marking the second failures for those experiments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful Mars lander & rover (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: December 4, 1996</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: July 4, 1997</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Pathfinder’s successful airbag-assisted landing was the first successful mission to the Martian surface since Viking, 20 years earlier. The landing site was near the mouth of Ares Vallis, at 19.33°N, 33.55°W. On July 6, 1997, the six-wheeled rover, named Sojourner in a Planetary Society-run contest, rolled off a ramp and onto the Martian surface. The lander, now named the Sagan Memorial Station for The Planetary Society's co-founder Carl Sagan, returned many images as well as weather data. The original mission was scheduled to last for 30 days, but the lander and Sojourner continued to transmit data until September 27, 1997 when contact with the lander was lost.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 96</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter, lander, & 2 penetrators (Russian Space Agency)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 16, 1996</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The rocket carrying the spacecraft launched successfully, but its fourth stage ignited prematurely and sent the spacecraft crashing into the ocean. Several of the science instruments originally built for Mars 96 were later flown on ESA’s Mars Express.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Global Surveyor</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Highly successful orbiter (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 7, 1996</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: September 12, 1997</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Global Surveyor was the first completely successful Mars orbiter since Viking 1 shut down in 1980. The start of Mars Global Surveyor’s science mission was delayed due to a problem with one of its solar panels that caused its aerobraking period (which reduced its initial orbit from an ellipse to a low-altitude, near circular one) to last for a year and a half. Since science operations began in March 1999, Mars Global Surveyor provided scientists with a wealth of images and data, including the highest-resolution images yet achieved from orbit. Many of the Mars Observer instruments were re-flown on Mars Global Surveyor. Its mission was extended three times. Contact was lost on November 5, 2006.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Observer</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: September 25, 1992</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars Observer was designed to study the Red Planet from orbit. On August 21, 1993, only three days away from Mars, all contact with the spacecraft was suddenly lost. Scientists were unable to determine the cause of the failure. It is possible that Mars Observer followed its onboard program and is in orbit around Mars. However, the results of failure investigations suggest that a fuel line ruptured during tank pressurization, which would have caused the spacecraft to spin uncontrollably and fail to enter orbit. Most of the science instruments that were originally built for Mars Observer were eventually “re-flown” on subsequent orbiters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phobos 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mostly failed Mars orbiter & 2 Phobos landers</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: July 12, 1988</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: January 29, 1989</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phobos 2 was designed to orbit Mars and land a "hopper" and a lander on the surface of Phobos. The spacecraft successfully went into orbit and began sending back preliminary data. Then, on March 27, 1989, just before the spacecraft was to move within 50 meters of Phobos and deploy the two landers, the spacecraft's onboard computer malfunctioned and the mission was lost.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phobos 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: July 7, 1988</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Phobos 1 was designed to study the Sun and interplanetary space while on its way to Mars. Once in orbit around Mars, it was going to study the Red Planet and take close-up images of its moon Phobos. However, on September 2, 1988, only two months in to the flight, controllers on the ground accidentally uploaded software containing a command that deactivated the spacecraft's attitude control thrusters. The spacecraft then turned its solar panels away from the Sun and was unable to recharge its batteries. As a result, the mission was lost.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Viking 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful orbiter & lander (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: September 9, 1975</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: August 7, 1976</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars landing: September 3, 1976</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Viking 2 lander touched down in the Utopia Planitia, on the opposite side of the planet and almost 1,500 kilometers closer to the north pole than Viking 1 at 47.27°N, 225.99°W. One of the lander's legs settled down on a rock, so the entire lander was tilted by about 8 degrees. The lander took extensive atmospheric readings and conducted experiments on soil samples that it had collected with a scoop. The Viking 2 lander quit operating on April 11, 1980, when its batteries failed, but it lasted long enough to see multiple winters come to its landing site and to see it cover with frost. The Viking 2 orbiter was shut down on July 25, 1978, after 706 orbits. The Viking 1 and 2 landers returned 1,400 images from the Martian surface. The orbiters took 50,000 images, producing a global atlas that is still used today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Viking 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful orbiter & lander (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: August 20, 1975</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: June 19, 1976</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars landing: July 20, 1976</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When Viking 1 entered orbit at Mars, it began taking pictures of the surface in search of a safe landing site for the lander. Mission planners were hoping for a July 4th landing, but the original site turned out to be too rocky. Another site was chosen and the first successful Mars landing took place on July 20, 1976, the seventh anniversary of the first Moon landing. Viking 1 landed in Chryse Planitia at 22.48°N, 49.97°W. The lander took extensive weather readings and conducted experiments on soil samples collected with a scoop. The orbiter was powered down on August 17, 1980 after 1,400 orbits. The lander survived on the surface until November 13, 1982.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 4, 5, 6, and 7</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Under pressure from the developing Viking mission, the USSR attempted one last time to beat the USA to a successful soft landing on Mars in 1973. Because of an unfavorable launch window, however, orbiters and landers were launched separately. All four spacecraft were hurried to completion and launched to Mars with microchips known to have serious problems. The problems mostly doomed the missions, but Mars 4, 5, and 6 all successfully performed radio occultation experiments of Mars’s atmosphere, proving the existence of an ionosphere at Mars and resulting in the measurement of a 6.7-millibar surface atmospheric pressure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 4</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter attempt (successful as a flyby) (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: July 21, 1973</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars flyby: February 10, 1974</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The microchip problem caused the failure of the Mars 4 orbiter to fire its orbit insertion rockets. It flew by Mars at a distance of 2,200 kilometers (1,370 miles), taking one set of images and collecting limited data. It continued to function after the flyby, returning data from solar orbit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Initially successful Mars orbiter, failed after 22 days</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: July 25, 1973</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: February 12, 1974</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 5 entered orbit successfully, but after completing 22 orbits and returning 60 images the spacecraft malfunctioned and the mission ended.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 6</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Slightly successful descent craft and flyby</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: August 5, 1973</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: March 12, 1974</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Mars 6 descent craft separated successfully from the main spacecraft and descended through the atmosphere, transmitting 224 seconds of data before abruptly cutting off (either when the retrorockets fired or when it slammed into the ground). Although this was the first data of its kind (from within the Martian atmosphere), most of it was garbled and unusable due to the microchip problem. Mars 6 landed at 23.90°S, 19.42°W.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 7</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed descent attempt</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: August 9, 1973</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Mars 7 lander separated too early, and it missed the planet by 1,300 kilometers (800 miles).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful Mars orbiter and failed descent craft (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: May 19, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: November 27, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 3</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Somewhat successful Mars orbiter and very briefly successful descent craft (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: May 28, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: December 2, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The identical Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft each released descent craft 4.5 hours prior to their arrivals at Mars. But the landers had the misfortune of arriving at Mars during one of the greatest dust storms in recorded history. The Mars 2 probe descended at a steeper angle and faster rate than intended and crashed near 45°S, 313°W. However, the Mars 3 probe used aerobraking, parachutes, and retrorockets to descend successfully to a soft landing near 45°S, 158°W. It operated for 20 seconds on the surface before mysteriously failing, possibly because it was blown over by the wind. Before failing, Mars 3 may have deployed the first tiny rover onto the surface of Mars. The Mars 2 orbiter was successfully placed in an 18-hour orbit. The spacecraft completed 362 orbits. The Mars 3 orbiter, short on fuel, was unable to obtain its intended 18-hour orbit. Instead, the spacecraft ended up in an almost 13-day orbit around the planet and completed only 20 orbits. Both spacecraft were shut down on August 22, 1972. Together, Mars 2 & 3 returned 60 images of Mars, recorded temperatures ranging from -110 to 13 degrees Celsius (-166 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit), produced surface relief maps and studied the Martian gravity and magnetic fields.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 9</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful Mars orbiter (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: May 30, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars arrival: November 14, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to go into orbit around another planet. However, excitement for its arrival was subdued by a dark cloud -- literally. A Martian dust storm, which had started in late September 1971, had grown to cover the entire planet. When Mariner 9 arrived in November, the only surface features visible were the summit of Olympus Mons and the three volcanoes of Tharsis Ridge. Mission scientists had to wait about a month and a half until the dust settled before they could begin the science portion of the mission. When the spacecraft ran out of fuel almost a year later (on October 27, 1972), Mariner 9 had taken a total of 7,329 images of Mars, studied the atmospheric and surface composition of the planet, the density and pressure of its atmosphere as well as the planet's gravity and topography. The spacecraft also provided scientists with the first close-up views of Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kosmos 419</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: May 10, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kosmos 419 reached Earth orbit, but its fourth stage rocket, which would have sent the spacecraft on its way to Mars, failed to ignite. The spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere and was destroyed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 8</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: May 8, 1971</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 8, a twin to the successful Mariner 9, failed to reach Earth orbit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 1969B</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: April 2, 1969</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The first stage of the rocket launching this mission to Mars failed almost immediately after liftoff.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 1969A</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars orbiter attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: March 27, 1969</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The third stage of the rocket launching this mission to Mars failed, caught fire, and exploded, causing the remaining pieces to crash land back on Earth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 6</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful Mars flyby (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: February 24, 1969</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars flyby: July 31, 1969</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 7</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful Mars flyby (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: March 27, 1969</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars flyby: August 5, 1969</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 6 and 7 were identical spacecraft arriving at Mars five days apart. Mariner 6 flew by Mars at an altitude of 3,431 kilometers (2,131 miles) and Mariner 7 at 3,430 kilometers (2,131 miles). Mariner 6 returned 75 images, and Mariner 7 126 images. Data from the twin spacecraft helped establish the mass, radius, and shape of Mars and revealed that its southern polar ice cap was composed of carbon dioxide. The spacecraft are now in solar orbits.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Zond 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby and descent craft attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 30, 1964</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Controllers lost contact with Zond 2 after a mid-course correction maneuver while the spacecraft was on its way to Mars. The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 4</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Successful Mars flyby (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 28, 1964</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars flyby: July 14, 1965</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 4 was the first spacecraft to fly by Mars and obtain close-up pictures of the Red Planet, passing within 9,844 kilometers (6,117 miles) of Mars. It then took four days to transmit the data back to Earth. Mariner 4 imaged a large, ancient crater on Mars and confirmed the existence of a thin Martian atmosphere composed largely of carbon dioxide. Once past Mars, the spacecraft continued on its way, returning data until October 1965, when the orientation of its antenna made communication with Earth impossible. However, scientists were able to re-establish contact with Mariner 4 in late 1967 and continued to receive data until December 20, 1967, when the mission was terminated. The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mariner 3</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (NASA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 5, 1964</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A shield that was designed to protect Mariner 3's instruments during launch failed to release once the spacecraft had reached Earth orbit. With its instruments covered and the extra weight of the shield dragging it down, the spacecraft was unable to obtain the necessary trajectory to send it on to Mars. The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 1 (Sputnik 23)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 1, 1962</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mars 1 launched successfully and began the trip to Mars, returning data on interplanetary space. However, controllers lost contact with Mars 1 on March 21, 1963, when the spacecraft was 107 million kilometers (66 million miles) from Earth when signal was lost. The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Korabl 11 (Sputnik 22)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: October 24, 1962</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Korabl 13 (Sputnik 24)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: November 4, 1962</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Korabl 11 broke apart after reaching Earth orbit. The debris reentered Earth's atmosphere and was tracked by the U.S. Ballistic Missile Early Warning System in Alaska, who first thought it was a Soviet ICBM attack in response to the ongoing Cuban Missile Crisis. Korabl 13 broke apart in Earth orbit during a burn to transfer the probe to a Mars trajectory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Korabl 4 (Marsnik 1)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: October 10, 1960</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Korabl 5 (Marsnik 2)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Failed Mars flyby attempt (USSR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Launch: October 14, 1960</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Korabl 4 and 5 were the Soviet Union's first attempts at interplanetary probes. The third stage of both launch vehicles failed, and neither obtained Earth orbit.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-51403135995798644792013-05-11T02:09:00.003-07:002013-05-11T02:09:38.309-07:00TOSHIBA KIRAbook 13-inch ultrabook<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">TOSHIBA KIRAbook 13-inch ultrabook</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<img src="http://www.laptopspec.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Toshiba-KIRAbook-13-inch-ultrabook.jpg" /><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">Toshiba has Introduced 13-inch ultrabook with PixelPure Ultra-High Resolution Display ((a resolution of 2560 x 1440 pixels and pixel density of 221ppi), called the Toshiba KIRAbook. It featuring the company’s first ultra-high resolution PixelPure display and a striking new lightweight and compact design precision engineered with AZ91 pressed magnesium alloy.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span id="more-14268" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">The Toshiba KIRAbook is powered by an Intel Core i5 or Core i7 processors, 8GB of RAM, and a 256GB solid state drive (SSD). It is equipped with Harman Kardon sound, multi memory card reader, webcam, and a backlit keyboard. In connectivity term, there are Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.0, three USB 3.0 and HDMI ports. It is pre-loaded with Windows 8 Pro operating system.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-61732896811584280232013-05-11T02:07:00.001-07:002013-05-11T02:07:34.156-07:00HP Pavilion g6-2321dx<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">HP Pavilion g6-2321dx:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<img src="http://www.laptopspec.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/HP-Pavilion-g6-2321dx-laptop.jpg" /></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The HP Pavilion g6-2321dx features a 15.6-inch LED-backlit display that allows you to view arresting high-definition images. The high-speed wireless LAN enables easy connection to the Web for access to e-mail and more.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span id="more-14289" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The system is powered by a 2.7GHz AMD A6-4400M processor, an AMD Radeon HD 7520G graphics card, a 4GB DDR3 RAM, a 500GB hard drive, an HD webcam, a DVD Super Multi Drive, a multi-format card reader, WiFi, a 6-cell battery and runs on Windows 8 OS.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-6264474782390100762013-05-10T22:45:00.000-07:002013-05-10T22:46:14.515-07:00Qmobile A50<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">QMOBILE A50:</span><br />
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<img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRNJQoOLcJMPzTqXHbrn6zXCPG_T1Y1IUdkujVqHHbgBvLsrAZAwgQ85s8" /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<img 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" /><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Qmobile Noir A50 Specifications:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Phone Type: Touch Screen</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Announced: May 2013</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Released: May 2013</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Status: Available</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Colors: Black</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dual Sim: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Camera Camera: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Video recording: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Features: Geo-tagging</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Secondary Camera: No</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Display</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Capacitive touchscreen</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Resolution: 4Inches</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Connectivity</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Bluetooth: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wi-Fi: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">GPRS: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2G Network</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 – SIM1 & SIM2</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Messaging</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">SMS,MMS,IM,E-Mail</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Memory</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Call records: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">PhoneBook: Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Entertainment</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Radio:Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Video: Player Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Alert Type / Ring Tones Vibration; MP3, WAV ringtones</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Software</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Operating System: AndroidOs Version: Jelly Bean (v 4.1)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Internet</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Browser: HTML5</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Hardware</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Processor: Dual Core</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sensors: Accelerometer,proximity</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-89232544495466584042013-05-09T22:33:00.000-07:002013-05-09T22:33:05.853-07:00Western Digital WD Green WD20EARX 2TB 64MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s 3.5" Internal Hard Drive -Bare Drive - OEM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">64MB Cache</li>
<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">SATA 6.0Gb/s</li>
<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">For Low Power Storage</li>
<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">2 years limited</li>
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span>
<img alt="Western Digital WD Green WD20EARX 2TB SATA 6.0Gb/s 3.5" Internal Hard Drive -Bare Drive - OEM" src="http://images17.newegg.com/is/image/newegg/22-136-891-TS?$S300W$" /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">WHOLESALE MARKET PRICE:89.99</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-25212550550938823452013-05-09T22:30:00.000-07:002013-05-09T22:30:00.121-07:00SAMSUNG 840 Pro Series MZ-7PD128BW 2.5" 128GB SATA III MLC Internal Solid State Drive (SSD)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="grpBullet" style="background-color: white; margin: 20px 20px 20px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<ul class="itemColumn" id="grpBullet_" style="color: #4d4d4d; display: inline-block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;">
<li class="item" style="margin-bottom: 1px;">2.5 INCHES</li>
<li class="item" style="margin-bottom: 1px;">128GB</li>
<li class="item" style="margin-bottom: 1px;">SATA III</li>
</ul>
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="grpBullet" style="background-color: white; margin: 20px 20px 20px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<img alt="SAMSUNG 840 Pro Series MZ-7PD128BW 2.5" 128GB SATA III MLC Internal Solid State Drive (SSD)" src="http://images17.newegg.com/is/image/newegg/20-147-192-TS?$S300$" /></div>
<div class="grpBullet" style="background-color: white; margin: 20px 20px 20px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
WHOLESALE PRICE:149.99</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-41102294951404561862013-05-09T22:25:00.001-07:002013-05-09T22:25:12.598-07:00Bluetooth Headset w/ Android Application Support (HM7000)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">Talk Time Up to 4 hours, 16 hours with charging case</li>
<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">Standby Time Up to 160 hours, 640 hours with charging case</li>
<li class="item" style="background-color: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1px;">Bluetooth 3.0</li>
<br />
<img alt="Bluetooth Headset w/ Android Application Support (HM7000)" src="http://images17.newegg.com/is/image/newegg/75-982-466-TS?$S300W$" /><br />
MARKET PRICE (WHOLESALE):29.99</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-32699927563517801872013-05-09T22:17:00.004-07:002013-05-09T22:17:59.411-07:00Acer Aspire E1-571<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h1 style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Acer Aspire E1-571</h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<img alt="Acer Aspire E1-571" src="http://paklap.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x265/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/4/-/4-brazos-2-0-acer-aspire-e1-421-pictured_5.png" /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel Core i3-2348 (2nd Generation)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2.2 GHz Sandy Bridge</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Installed RAM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DDR3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>320 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Optical Drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of optical drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DVDRW Super Multi Dual Layer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Internal/External<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Internal</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of harddrive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SATA</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Card Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 in 1 Card Reader</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory cards<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dedicated graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel HD Graphics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Shared</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Switchable graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics processor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel Chipset 3000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Maximum shared graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Aspect ratio<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>15.6" Acer Cine'Crystal HD LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen surface<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Acer Cine'Crystal High Defination LED Display</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen resolution<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1,366 x 768</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Touchscreen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>No</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Colors<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Grey</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dimensions (WxHxD)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Weight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Fingerprint Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Numeric keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlit keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3G<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">EDGE<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">LAN<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10/100/1000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Modem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wireless/Wifi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>802.11 b/g/n</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Infrared<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">DVI out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 2.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 3.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB Ports (Total)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">TV-out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Serial port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">S/PDIF out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Parallel port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Microphone input<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Headphone output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Firewire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">eSATA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Number of outputs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI version<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VGA Output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>More than 3.5 Hours</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lithium Ion</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No of cells<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6 Cells</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Camera<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No. of effective pixels<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>720 MP HD</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Remote Control<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>No</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">32/64-bit OS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Operating system (Primary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DOS</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">OS (Secondary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Included software<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Manual<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>http://support.acer.com/us/en/product/default.aspx?modelId=4098</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Product page<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Warranty<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1 Year International ACER Warranty</span><br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-5849239963905387742013-05-09T22:17:00.000-07:002013-05-09T22:17:01.335-07:00Acer Aspire One<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Acer Aspire One AOD725 </h1>
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<img alt="Acer Aspire One AOD725 (Acer Direct Local Warranty)" src="http://paklap.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x265/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/7/2/725.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>AMD Dual Core C60</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.66 GHz (1 MB Cache)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Installed RAM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DDR3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>320 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Optical Drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of optical drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Internal/External<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>External Optional</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of harddrive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SATA</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Card Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory cards<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5 In 1 Digital Media Card Reader</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dedicated graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Builtin</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>256 MB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Switchable graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics processor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>AMD Radeon HD 6290</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Maximum shared graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Aspect ratio<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>11.6"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen surface<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HD LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen resolution<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Touchscreen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Colors<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Black</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dimensions (WxHxD)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Weight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.25 KG</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Fingerprint Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Numeric keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlit keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3G<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Optional</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">EDGE<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bluetooth 4.0</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">LAN<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Modem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wireless/Wifi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>802.11bgn</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Infrared<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">DVI out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 2.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 3.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB Ports (Total)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">TV-out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Serial port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">S/PDIF out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Parallel port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Microphone input<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Headphone output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Firewire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">eSATA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Number of outputs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI version<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Latest</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VGA Output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>More than 3 Hours</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lithium ION</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No of cells<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4 Cells</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Camera<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HD Camera</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No. of effective pixels<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>720p</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Remote Control<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">32/64-bit OS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Operating system (Primary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Windows 7 Starter</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">OS (Secondary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Included software<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Manual<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Product page<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>http://www.acer.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Warranty<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1 Year Local + International Acer Card Warranty </span><br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-70857366492618665972013-05-09T22:15:00.000-07:002013-05-09T22:15:31.999-07:00Acer Aspire E1-531<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Acer Aspire E1-531:</h1>
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<img alt="Acer Aspire E1-531 " src="http://paklap.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x265/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/1/_/1_9_4_1_1.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel Sandy Bridge Pentium Dualcore B960</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2.2 GHz 2nd Generation</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Installed RAM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DDR3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>320 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Optical Drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of optical drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DVDRW Super Multi Dual Layer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Internal/External<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Internal</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of harddrive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SATA</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Card Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 in 1 Card Reader</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory cards<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dedicated graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel HD Graphics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Shared</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Switchable graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics processor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel Chipset 3000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Maximum shared graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Aspect ratio<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>15.6"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen surface<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Acer Cine'Crystal High Defination LED Display</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen resolution<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1,366 x 768</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Touchscreen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>No</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Colors<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Grey</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dimensions (WxHxD)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Weight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Fingerprint Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Numeric keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlit keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3G<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">EDGE<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">LAN<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10/100/1000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Modem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wireless/Wifi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>802.11 b/g/n</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Infrared<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">DVI out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 2.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 3.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB Ports (Total)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">TV-out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Serial port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">S/PDIF out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Parallel port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Microphone input<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Headphone output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Firewire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">eSATA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Number of outputs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI version<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VGA Output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>More than 3.5 Hours</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lithium Ion</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No of cells<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6 Cells</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Camera<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No. of effective pixels<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>720 MP HD</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Remote Control<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>No</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">32/64-bit OS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Operating system (Primary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DOS</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">OS (Secondary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Included software<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Manual<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Product page<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Warranty<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1 Year Acer International Warranty</span><br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8641262150732378639.post-39604893923745640852013-05-09T22:13:00.002-07:002013-05-09T22:16:02.174-07:00Samsung Mini N100S-E02<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img alt="Samsung Mini N100S-E02" src="http://paklap.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x265/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/2/_/2_1_4.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel® Atom™ Processor N2100 (1.66 GHz)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Processor Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.66 GHz</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Installed RAM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DDR3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>320 GB</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hard drive speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Optical Drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of optical drive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Internal/External<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>External Optional</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of harddrive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SATA</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Card Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of memory cards<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5 In 1 Digital Media Card Reader</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dedicated graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of graphics memory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Switchable graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Graphics processor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Intel NM10</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Maximum shared graphics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Aspect ratio<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen size<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10.1"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen surface<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HD LED</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Screen resolution<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Touchscreen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Colors<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Black</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Dimensions (WxHxD)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Weight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.25 KG</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Fingerprint Reader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Numeric keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Backlit keyboard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">3G<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Optional</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">EDGE<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type of bluetooth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bluetooth 4.0</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">LAN<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Speed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Modem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wireless/Wifi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>802.11bgn</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Infrared<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">DVI out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 2.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB 3.0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">USB Ports (Total)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">TV-out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Serial port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">S/PDIF out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Parallel port<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Microphone input<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Headphone output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Firewire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">eSATA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Number of outputs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">HDMI version<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VGA Output<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>More than 4 Hours</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Battery type<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lithium ION</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No of cells<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6 Cells</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Camera<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HD Camera</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">No. of effective pixels<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>720p</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Remote Control<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">32/64-bit OS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Operating system (Primary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DOS</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">OS (Secondary)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Included software<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Manual<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Product page<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>http://www.acer.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Warranty<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1 Year International</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11876750675147471900noreply@blogger.com0